Cellular Biology/Cellular Adaptation/Cellular Injury Chapter 1
o Cellular Adaptation
o Atrophy – decrease in size of cells, resulting in reduced tissue mass (immobilized limb in
a cast)
o Hypertrophy – increase in si
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Cellular Biology/Cellular Adaptation/Cellular Injury Chapter 1
o Cellular Adaptation
o Atrophy – decrease in size of cells, resulting in reduced tissue mass (immobilized limb in
a cast)
o Hypertrophy – increase in size of cells, resulting in an enlarged tissue mass (enlarged
heart muscle)
o Hyperplasia – increase in number of cells, resulting in enlarged tissue mass (could be
compensatory mechanism or hormonal imbalance, cancer)
o Metaplasia – one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type (could be
compensatory mechanism)
o Dysplasia – tissue in which the cell varies size & shape, large nuclei are frequently
present, and the rate of mitosis is increased (precancerous - cervical cells)
o Anaplasia – cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and
numerous mitotic figures (in most malignant tumors; basis for grading aggressive tumors)
o Neoplasia “new growth”; Neo - new, Plasm - growth
o Benign – less serious, do not spread, non-life threatening unless found in certain
locations (i.e. brain)
o Malignant – undifferentiated & nonfunctional cells that do not appear organized;
rapid production & abnormal mitotic figures; cancer
o Vocabulary Terms at on page 6-8 (Under headings of “Characteristics of Disease” and “Disease
Prognosis.”)
Characteristic of Disease:
o Pathogenesis: refers to the development of the disease or the sequence of the events
involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process
o Acute disease: indicates a short-term illness that develops quickly with marked signs such
as high fever or severe pain
o Chronic disease: milder condition developing gradually, such as rheumatoid arthritis, but
it persists for a long time and usually causes more permanent tissue damage. Usually
marked by intermittent acute episodes.
o Subclinical State: exist in some conditions in which pathological changes occur but the
patient exhibits no obvious manifestations, perhaps because of the great reserve capacity
of some organs.
o Latent State: silent stage, in which no clinical signs are evident,
o Incubation Period: which is the time between exposure to the microorganism and the
onset of signs or symptoms.
o Prodromal Period: period compromises the time the early development of a disease when
one is aware of a change in the body, but the signs are nonspecific
o Manifestations: of a disease are the clinical evidence or effects, the signs, and symptoms,
of the disease
o Local: found at the site of the problem
o Systemic: general indicators of illness
o Signs: objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected
individual. Can be local or systemic
o Symptoms: subjective feelings, such as pain or nausea
o Lesion: term used to describe a specific local change in the tissue. Can be microscopic
o Syndrome: a collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ, that
usually occur together in response to a certain condition
o Diagnostic tests: laboratory tests that assist in the diagnosis of a specific disease
o Remission: is a period or condition in which the manifestations of the disease subside,
either permanently or temporarily
o Exacerbations: is a worsening in the severity of the disease or in its signs/symptoms
o Precipitating Factor: condition that triggers an acute episode
o Complications: are new secondary or additional problems that arise after the original
disease begins
o Therapy/ therapeutic interventions: treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow
the progress of a disease. Ex: surgery, drugs, physiotherapy, therapies, behavior
modifications
o Sequelae: the potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition, such as paralysis
following recovery from stroke
o Convalescence or rehabilitation: period of recovery and return to the normal healthy
state, may last days or months
Disease Prognosis:
o Prognosis: probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes
o Morbidity: indicates the disease rate within a group
o Mortality: indicate the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
o Autopsy: examination of all or part of the body by a pathologist
o Epidemiology: science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease
o Occurrence: tracked by two factors
o Incidence: the number of new cases in a given population noted within a stated
time frame.
o Prevalence: number of new and old or existing cases within a specific population
and time frame.
o Epidemics: occur when there are a higher than expected number of cases of an infectious
disease within a given area
o Pandemics: higher numbers of cases in many regions of the globe
o Communicable: disease or infections that can be spread from one person to another
o Notifiable/ Reportable: disease must be reported by the physician to certain designated
authorities.
o Types of tissue necrosis
o Liquefaction Necrosis – dead cells liquify due to certain cell enzymes (ex. brain tissue
dies or cavity/ulcer development in affected area)
o Coagulative Necrosis – cell proteins are altered or denatured (ex. MI due to lack of
oxygen)
o Fat Necrosis – fatty tissue breaks down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or
certain enzymes
o Caseous Necrosis – form of coagulation necrosis; thick, yellowish, “cheesy” substance
(ex. Tuberculosis)
o Infarction - area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen (ex. MI)
o Gangrene – necrotic tissue due to lack or loss of blood supply followed by invasion of
bacteria
o Seven Steps for Health
1. Be a nonsmoker and avoid second-hand smoke.
2. Eat 5 to 10 servings of vegetables and fruit a day. Choose high-fiber, lower-fat foods. If you
drink alcohol, limit your intake to one to two drinks a day.
3. Be physically active on a regular basis. This will also help you to maintain a healthy body
weight.
4. Protect yourself and your family from the sun.
5. Follow cancer screening guidelines.
6. Visit your doctor or dentist if you notice any change in your normal state of health.
7. Follow health and safety instructions at home and at work when using, storing, and disposing
of hazardous materials.
Genetics Chapter 21
Congenital: Meaning
o Genetic & inherited disorders present at birth
Teratogens: Meaning and types
o Agents that cause damage during embryonic or fetal development
o Types:
Physical agents
Metabolic conditions
Infections
Drugs & Chemicals
Genetic Diseases - know where these examples fall under inheritance; chance of
inheritance as it applies to X-linked, autosomal dominant, and autosomal recessive,
characteristics, and risk factors if applicable.
o Down syndrome: Chromosomal Disorder (Trisomy 21)
Inheritance?
No
Characteristics:
Small head, round face, flat facial profile
Slanted eyes and epicanthic fold
Large tongue, high-arched palate
Small hands, single palmar crease
Short stature
Muscles tend to be hypotonic; loose joints
Delayed developmental stages
Cognitive impairment ranges from mild to major
Delayed or incomplete sexual development
Males infertile
Females have lower rate of conception
Risk factors?
Maternal age
o Turner’s Syndrome or Monosomy
Occurs when only one sex chromosome, the x chromosome is present. This
person has only 45 chromosomes, resulting in a variety of physical abnormalities
and lack of ovaries.
Inheritance?
Most cases are not inherited
Chance of Inheritance?
Women with syndrome who conceive naturally have 30% chance
of having a fetus with Turner Syndrome
Characteristics
Short stature and webbed neck
Delayed puberty
Infertility
Heart defects
Certain learning disabilities
Risk Factors
o Marfan’s: Autosomal Dominant Disorder
Inheritance?
Yes
Chance of inheritance?
Affected parent has a 50% probability of passing the disorder on to
each child regardless of gender
Characteristics:
Skeletal deformities like pectus excavatum and abnormal curvature
of the thoracic spine
Aorta is wider and more fragile leading to leakage of the aortic
valve or tears to the aortic wall
Risk factors?
o Huntington’s: Autosomal Dominant Disorder
Inheritance?
Yes
Chance of inheritance?
Affected parent has a 50% probability of passing the disorder on to
each child regardless of gender
Characteristics:
Difficulty swallowing
Strange and uncontrolled movements that are either slow or wild
and jerking
Risk factors?
Developed later in life (30-40 y.o.)
o Color Blindness: X-Linked Recessive Disorders
Inheritance?
Yes, may appear to skip generations
Chance of inheritance?
Carrier females have a 50% chance of producing an affected male
child and an equal chance of producing a carrier female child in
each pregnancy
Characteristics:
Risk factors?
Fam. Hx
o Hemophilia: X-Linked Recessive Disorder
Inheritance?
Yes, may appear to skip generations
Chance of inheritance?
Carrier females have a 50% chance of producing an affected male
child and an equal chance of producing a carrier female child in
each pregnancy
Characteristics:
Prolonged bruising
Risk factors?
o Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy: X-Linked Recessive Disorder
Inheritance?
Yes, may appear to skip generations
Chance of inheritance?
Carrier females have a 50% chance of producing an affected male
child and an equal chance of producing a carrier female child in
each pregnancy
Characteristics:
Risk factors?
o Cystic Fibrosis: Autosomal Recessive Disorders
Inheritance?
Yes
Chance of inheritance?
25% that the child will be born with the unaffected genotype
50% that the child will be born with the carrier genotype
25% that the child will be born with the affected or disease
genotype
Characteristics:
Risk factors?
o Turner Syndrome: Chromosomal Disorder (Monosomy X)
Inheritance?
No
Characteristics:
Short stature
Webbed neck
Risk factors?
o Klinefelter’s Syndrome: Chromosomal Disorder (Polysomy X)
Inheritance?
No
Characteristics:
Small testes and do not produce sperm
Develop breast tissue
Risk factors?
Chapter 2
What controls sodium balance
o the sodium-potassium pump or active transport, resulting in sodium levels that are
high in extracellular fluids and low inside the cell
Causes of Edema
o Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
o Loss of Plasma Proteins
o Obstructions of the Lymphatic Circulation
o Increased Capillary Permeability
Electrolytes found in intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
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