{SOLVED} Greek Philosophers Unit 1 Sophia with rationales/ PHIL MISC

Score 24/25 You passed this Milestone 24 questions were answered correctly. 1UquNestiIonTwa1s an—sweredMincIorLrecEtlyS. TONE 1 In the Phaedo, Socrates makes all of the following claims, EXCE ...

Score 24/25 You passed this Milestone 24 questions were answered correctly. 1UquNestiIonTwa1s an—sweredMincIorLrecEtlyS. TONE 1 In the Phaedo, Socrates makes all of the following claims, EXCEPT: Valuing what is right more than life is illogical and meaningless. Sensory distractions hinder the soul's pursuit of truth and knowledge. The philosopher is concerned with the soul and not with the body. Without a body to impede his or her progress, the philosopher may see things as they truly are. RATIONALE The Phaedo is a conversation between Socrates and his students about death. It takes place just before his execution. During this conversation, Socrates demonstrates why philosophers should not fear death, which he defines as the end of the life of the body, but not of the soul. He believes that there is no value in preserving the life of the body if preservation comes at the expense of the soul's pursuit of wisdom (i.e., what is right). CONCEPT The Phaedo: The Death of Socrates 2 Nancy is a cashier at a grocery store. A boy from her school, who she knows is underage, attempts to buy beer. Nancy hesitates before completing the transaction. According to Aristotle’s ethics, which question should Nancy ask herself? Are there possible consequences of this action that could harm me? What kind of person should I be? How can I reach a compromise? Why is this action right, and why is it wrong? RATIONALE Aristotelian ethics are primarily concerned with character. As a result, Nancy should ask herself “What kind of person should I be?” rather than “How should I act?” According to Aristotelian ethics, actions are evaluated based on how they inform your character. Therefore, Nancy must determine what kind of person she wants to be and what virtues she wants to cultivate, and then act accordingly. CONCEPT Applying Aristotle's Ethics 3 Which of the following is the most important tenet of Stoicism? To resist playing a role To understand that reality is either good or bad To feed our desires To let go of what we cannot control RATIONALE Stoicism is a philosophy that encourages us to focus only on what we can control (e.g., our desires, emotions, judgments, and reactions). We should not be upset by things that are beyond our control. Stoicism encourages us to reduce desire and to view reality as neither good nor bad. CONCEPT Stoicism: The Ethics of Dispassion 4 Choose the example that best demonstrates a central tenet of Stoicism. Carlene is devastated when her outdoor party is interrupted by a thunderstorm. Stephanie is a good nurse because she is skillful and always remains composed. Bob is such a rabid Cubs fan that it isn’t fun to watch a baseball game with him. Mr. Donovan insists that he begin each morning with pastry and a cup of sweet tea. RATIONALE Stoicism is a philosophy that encourages people to focus only on what they can control (e.g., their desires, emotions, and reactions). Because Stoicism focuses on eliminating desires, and emphasizes control of emotions, it leads people to perform their assigned jobs (or roles) skillfully and dispassionately. CONCEPT Stoicism: The Ethics of Dispassion 5 Which branch of philosophy examines the ultimate nature of reality? Metaphysics Epistemology Cosmology Natural philosophy RATIONALE Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that is concerned with discovering and describing the ultimate nature of reality. Cosmology is the study of the universe in its totality, natural philosophy examines nature and the universe, and epistemology analyzes and defends concepts of knowledge. CONCEPT What is Philosophy? 6 What kind of a thing is an orchid? It is a type of flower. What distinguishes an orchid from other flowers? The female and male parts of an orchid are fused together. According to Aristotle, answering both of these questions reveals the of an orchid. essence organization ontology genus RATIONALE According to Aristotle, we can discover and describe essences by identifying a genus and a differentia. The genus (in this example, a flower) tells us what kind of thing an orchid is. The differentia tells us what sets an orchid apart from other things of the same kind. CONCEPT Aristotle on What There Is 7 Which of the following statements about Aristotle’s metaphysics is FALSE? The distinction between form and matter is purely conceptual— one does not, and cannot, exist without the other. Examining the nature of being, and knowing what kinds of things exist, is a sensible beginning point for philosophical inquiry. Humans have the natural capacity to know many things without divine revelation or empirical evidence. In order for a statement to be true, one must state that an object exists, what the object is, and the state in which it exists. RATIONALE Aristotle would agree with all of these statements except the suggestion that we can have knowledge without empirical evidence. To Aristotle, all knowledge is grounded in human experience and flows from empirical evidence. CONCEPT Aristotle on What There Is 8 Kendra believes that women have a right to choose to have an abortion. Select the statement that is consistent with Kendra's belief. “Every woman should be a mother; it is our function and purpose as human beings.” “I voted for this presidential candidate because she supports a woman's right to have an abortion.” “Some women use abortion as a form of birth control, which is wrong.” "The man should have an equal say in whether or not a woman ends her pregnancy.” RATIONALE To live philosophically, a person must examine his or her beliefs to ground them in knowledge, and then act according to those beliefs. By voting for a presidential candidate who supports a woman's right to have an abortion, Kendra displays a consistent philosophical worldview. CONCEPT Philosophical Analysis as a Way of Life 9 For Plato and his Doctrine of Forms, a person can determine whether an act is courageous if he or she can . explain what courage means in the real world imagine an unambiguously courageous action clearly understand the value of courage accurately describe the Form of Courage RATIONALE According to Plato, the Forms are the basis of our knowledge of reality. All worldly objects participate in (i.e., imitate) their corresponding Form that exists in Platonic Heaven. We can determine whether an act is courageous if we know, and can describe, the Form of Courage. CONCEPT Applying Plato's Metaphysics 10 Water is a condition for staying alive. Apply conceptual analysis to this statement and choose the answer that correctly describes the relationship. sufficient, not necessary necessary, not sufficient both necessary and sufficient neither necessary nor sufficient RATIONALE Water is a logical requirement for staying alive, therefore it is a necessary condition. However, water is not a logical guarantee for staying alive, so it is not a sufficient condition. CONCEPT Plato: An academic approach to concepts 11 In the Apology, what does Socrates do when he is found guilty and sentenced to death? He agrees that his actions were immoral and that the decision of the judges is just. He tries to convince the jury to accept his defense. He asks Plato to record his life. He is willing to face death rather than violate the principles of his moral philosophy. RATIONALE The Apology is Plato's transcription of the defense Socrates presented at his trial on charges of "denying the gods" and "corrupting the youth of Athens." When found guilty and sentenced to death, Socrates accepts his sentence. He argues that it is more important to live rightly, which he believes he has done, than to avoid death by compromising one's moral philosophy. CONCEPT The Apology: A Defense of Philosophy 12 The philosophical value of the Socratic Method is described in all of the following statements, EXCEPT: Students learn from interacting with each other, and the teacher facilitates this process. Students answer questions to which they know the answers, and are led by the teacher to new truths. The emphasis is on finding truth, not on “winning” an argument. The Socratic Method guides students to understanding rather than requiring them to memorize facts. RATIONALE The Socratic Method does not facilitate learning through students' interaction with one another. Rather, it is an exchange between student and teacher, in which the teacher uses the student's knowledge to guide him or her to truth. CONCEPT The Socratic Approach 13 Select the statement that would most likely have been made by Aristotle. “We must begin with the world we encounter every day, rather than with the abstraction of metaphysics.” “The world is unchanging and eternal, which conflicts with the illusion that life is neither.” “New things do not come into existence; rather, things change their organization.” “What is true is always true, independent of wisdom, language, or knowledge.” RATIONALE The statement that "We must begin with the world we encounter every day" reflects Aristotle's philosophical approach. To Aristotle, all knowledge is grounded in human experience, and flows from empirical evidence. The statements which involve change are reflective of Parmenides and the Atomists. The statement about truth existing independent of wisdom, language, or knowledge is reflective of Plato's philosophy. CONCEPT Aristotle: The Dissection of Reality 14 According to Aristotle’s ethics, virtues should be pursued by . defining what is true determining the purest form of action finding a rational mean between two extremes thinking abstractly RATIONALE Aristotle's Doctrine of the Mean states that virtue must be cultivated as a rational mean between extremes. For example, the virtue of courage is found between the vices of cowardice and foolhardiness. CONCEPT Aristotle's Highest Good 15 For Plato, the Forms are the foundation of reality, which means that knowledge of reality is grounded in knowledge of the Forms. ethical natural metaphysical logical RATIONALE Plato was interested in abstract concepts (e.g., being and substance). These concepts are the subjects of the field of philosophy known as metaphysics. Plato wanted to know how these concepts exist in reality (i.e., their essences). Therefore, Plato's Forms were his metaphysical notion of the essences that ground the knowledge of reality. CONCEPT Plato's Forms: The Objects of Knowledge 16 Choose the question that distinguishes the focus of Socrates’ philosophical inquiry from that of the philosophers who preceded him. What is the role of the gods? What is the nature of the universe? What is real? What is knowledge? RATIONALE Socrates redirected philosophical inquiry from the topics that interested the Pre-Socratic philosophers (e.g., natural philosophy and cosmology) to ethics and epistemology. He sought to answer epistemological questions including "What is knowledge?" and "How do I know what I know?" CONCEPT Socrates: The Father of Western Philosophy 17 Which of the following statements about the atomistic worldview is FALSE? Philosophical atoms of different shapes and consistencies are the fundamental components of reality. The worldview of philosophical atomists, with some revisions, has been adopted by contemporary science. Everything in the universe exists as a single atom, or a collection of atoms. The philosophical worldview of the early Greek atomists had great influence on philosophical, scientific, and religious thinking, but only for a brief period of time. RATIONALE The philosophical worldview of the early Greek atomists has continued to have an impact throughout history. Atomism has been adopted and modified by contemporary science, and has had a lasting influence on religion and theology. CONCEPT The Atomistic Worldview 18 Choose the statement that describes a central theme of Parmenidean metaphysics. The world is composed of linked opposites. The universe consists of one, unchanging entity. Mortal and divine knowledge can be joined. The opinions of mortals are universally reliable. RATIONALE Parmenidean metaphysics includes the concept of "substance monism" — the belief that all reality is one object. This object is called the “what-is.” The "what-is" is eternal and unchanging. None of the other statements represent Parmenidean metaphysics. CONCEPT Parmenides and the Doctrine of Permanence 19 When Crito tries to convince Socrates that he must not betray his own life, how does Socrates respond? He says that what is right is often misunderstood by mortals and must be left to the gods. He says that he is not afraid of dying and knows that his followers will restore his good name. He says that all life has value, but society determines the fate of man. He says that life would not be worth living if the principle of justice was violated. RATIONALE In the Crito, Socrates' friend (Crito) tried to convince him to escape and avoid execution. Socrates refused to do so, and explained why escape would be wrong. Socrates asserted that not all life has intrinsic value; only the good life does. Since he believed that he would violate the principle of justice (established by the Social Contract) by avoiding death, Socrates refused to avoid it. CONCEPT The Crito: The Duties of the Social Contract 20 Select the statement upon which Plato and Aristotle would disagree. Reasoning and logic are key to finding truth. Essences exist and are genuine entities. Truth is important above all else. Essences exist independently of the world. RATIONALE Plato and Aristotle agree on all of these points except for the statement that essences exist independently of the world. This was Plato's belief, but Aristotle believed that essences exist only within worldly objects, and nowhere else. CONCEPT Plato vs. Aristotle: The Mathematician or the Biologist 21 “It is my belief that everything in the cosmos is made of water.” Which ancient philosopher would most likely have made this statement? Empedocles Thales Pythagoras Protagoras RATIONALE Thales was the Pre-Socratic philosopher who believed that everything in the cosmos was made of water. Thales and his pupils, Anaximander and Anaximenes, sought to discover the nature of the cosmos. CONCEPT Cosmology and the First Philosophers 22 Which of the following statements about the metaphysical tenets of Plato’s Doctrine of the Forms is FALSE? There is a cause and effect relationship between Forms and their earthly counterparts. The Forms exist in an intellectual realm that is fixed and never-ending. Forms must exist in order for knowledge to be possible. Perfection in the Forms does not exist in Platonic Heaven. RATIONALE All of the statements about aspects of Plato's metaphysics are true, except for the suggestion that perfect Forms do not exist in Platonic Heaven. This statement describes Aristotle's metaphysics, not Plato's. Platonic Heaven is where Plato believed Forms, or perfect metaphysical entities, exist. Plato Forms: The Foundations of Being 23 Read the following statement by Socrates: “And he attains to the purest knowledge of them who goes to each with the mind alone, not introducing or intruding in the act of thought sight or any other sense together with reason, but with the very light of the mind in her own clearness searches into the very truth of each; he who has got rid, as far as he can, of eyes and ears and, so to speak, of the whole body, these being in his opinion distracting elements which when they infect the soul hinder her from acquiring truth and knowledge . . .” Outline Socrates' argument in this text and choose the sentence that accurately reflects it. It is the mind, not the senses, that can know the essence of a thing. Death prevents the philosopher from finding the answers he most wants to know. Life has no intrinsic value; only a good life, well-lived, has value for the gods. The physical body and the soul are both necessary in order to find truth. RATIONALE In this selection from the Phaedo, Socrates argues that the philosopher is not concerned with the world of the senses, but with the soul. When Socrates says "And he attains to the purest knowledge of them who goes to each with the mind alone," he asserts that pure knowledge is readily acquired by the mind when it is separated from the body. The senses (e.g., eyes and ears) are a distraction that "hinder her from acquiring truth and knowledge . . .” Therefore, death (which Socrates views as the end of the life of the body, not of the soul) enables the philosopher to find the answers he or she seeks. The Apology — Socrates' Arguments 24 All teachers are robots. Cynthia is a teacher. Therefore, Cynthia is a robot. Evaluate the argument and select the option that describes it. Inductive, strong, cogent Deductive, valid, unsound Deductive, invalid, sound Inductive, weak, uncogent RATIONALE Because the inferential claim in this example is one of logical certainty, and is about definition and form rather than cause and effect, this is a deductive argument. Since a case in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false cannot exist, this argument is valid. However, this argument is unsound because the first premise is false: Not all teachers are robots. CONCEPT Evaluating an Argument in Action 25 Heraclitus' Logos is part of his . metaphysics ethics mathematics science RATIONALE Heraclitus asserted that true reality is the Logos, a Greek word that can be translated as “account.” Since metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with discovering and describing the ultimate nature of reality, the Logos is part of Heraclitus' metaphysics. CONCEPT Heraclitus and the Doctrine of Impermanence © 2020 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. 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