Cracking the Sat Biology E_M Su - The Princeton Review

Editorial Rob Franek, Senior VP, Publisher Mary Beth Garrick, Director of Production Selena Coppock, Senior Editor Calvin Cato, Editor Kristen O’toole, Editor Meave Shelton, Editor Random House Publishing Team To ...

Editorial Rob Franek, Senior VP, Publisher Mary Beth Garrick, Director of Production Selena Coppock, Senior Editor Calvin Cato, Editor Kristen O’toole, Editor Meave Shelton, Editor Random House Publishing Team Tom Russell, Publisher Nicole Benhabib, Publishing Director Ellen L. Reed, Production Manager Alison Stoltzfus, Managing Editor The Princeton Review, Inc. 111 Speen Street, Suite 550 Framingham, MA 01701 E-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2013 by Itzy Cover art © Jonathan Pozniak. All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. The Princeton Review is not affiliated with Princeton University. eBook ISBN: 978-0-307-94572-3 Trade Paperback ISBN: 978-0-307-94552-5 SAT Subject Test is a registered trademark of the College Board, which does not sponsor or endorse this product. Editor: Selena Coppock Production Editor: Harmony Quiroz Production Coordinators: Deborah A. Silvestrini and Todd Cubbison v3.1Acknowledgments I dedicate this book to my children, James, Nicholas, Ian, and Rose, for redefining my role as a teacher; and to my parents, Richard and Barbara Lewandowski, for giving me the faith to believe that I can do whatever I set out to do. I love you all. Thanks to Paul Kanarek for more help than I can list here, and thank you to Christi Pope, Sarah Woodruff, and Dustin Yoon for their editing suggestions and help. Special thanks to Adam Robinson, who conceived of and perfected the Joe Bloggs approach to standardized tests and many of the other successful techniques used by The Princeton Review. Thank you to Caren Gough for her thorough content review for the 2013–2014 edition of this book.Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Acknowledgments Part I: Orientation 1 Introduction Point 1: Approaching the Test Strategically Point 2: Teaching You the Biology You Need to Know for the Exam 2 The Exam Format, Question Types, and Strategies The Format The Question Types Strategy 1: Study the Right Stuff in the Right Way Strategy 2: Practice the Right Stuff at the Right Time Strategy 3: Easy Stuff First Strategy 4: Take a Guess, but Guess Smart Strategy 5: Choosing the “Wrong” Answer—LEAST/EXCEPT/NOT Questions Strategy 6: I, II, III—You’re Out! Strategy 7: Avoid the Camouflage Trap Strategy 8: Avoid the Temptation Trap—Predict an Answer Strategy Summary Special Tips for Laboratory Five-Choice Questions Part II: Subject Review 3 Molecules of Biology Biologically Important Macromolecule #1: ProteinBiologically Important Macromolecule #2: Carbohydrate Biologically Important Macromolecule #3: Lipid Biologically Important Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acid 4 Cell Structure Eukaryotic Cell Structure What Goes On in the Cytoplasm: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes 5 Cellular Respiration Let’s Talk About Cellular Respiration Glycolysis The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) The Krebs Cycle Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation What Happens If Oxygen Is Not Available? 6 Transcription and Translation DNA Replicates Itself Chromosomes and the Whole Organism: The Same Set in Every Cell Chromosomes Come in Pairs: Homologous Chromosomes How Chromosomes Govern Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation Translation How Translation Works, Part 1: tRNA How Translation Works, Part 2: The Ribosome 7 Mitosis and Meiosis How a Whole Cell Reproduces Itself: Mitosis Genes, Proteins, and Chromosomes But Where Did These Chromosomes and Their Genes COME From? The Formation of Gametes: Meiosis8 Cracking Genetics Biology of Inheritance Phenotype and Genes Mating and Crossing: Predicting the Phenotype and Genotype of Offspring Punnett Squares Another Thing About Genetics and Inheritance: Sex and SexLinked Traits Mendelian Genetics Pedigree Analysis 9 Cracking Evolution and Diversity The Origin of Life Evolution Getting Organized: Phylogeny A. Kingdom Protista B. Kingdom Plantae C. Kingdom Fungi D. Kingdom Animalia 10 Microorganisms Let’s Talk About Fungi Let’s Talk About Bacteria Let’s Talk About Viruses Cool Stuff: Recombinant DNA Technology 11 Organ Systems Control of the Body, Part 1—The Nervous System Control of the Body, Part 2—The Endocrine System Transport Within the Body—The Circulatory System Blood Typing The HeartVentilation and Gas Exchange—The Respiratory System Body Processing, Part 1—The Digestive System Body Processing, Part 2—The Urinary System Support and Protection of the Body, Part 1—The Skeletal System Support and Protection of the Body, Part 2—The Muscular System Support and Protection of the Body, Part 3—The Skin Reproduction and Development, Part 1—The Male System Reproduction and Development, Part 2—The Female System Reproduction and Development, Part 3—Fertilization, Embryology, and Fetal Development 12 Plants Leaf Structure 13 Behavior 14 Cracking Ecology What Is a Population? What Is a Community? More About the Community—Who’s Who Let’s Talk About Ecological Succession Getting Bigger—the Ecosystem What Goes Around, Comes Around—Nutrient Cycles Getting Bigger Again—Biomes Part III: Answers to In-Chapter Questions 15 Answers to In-Chapter Questions Part IV: The Princeton Review Practice SAT Biology E/M Subject Tests and Explanations 16 Practice SAT Biology E/M Subject Test 1 17 Practice SAT Biology E/M Subject Test 1: Answers and Explanations 18 Practice SAT Biology E/M Subject Test 219 Practice SAT Biology E/M Subject Test 2: Answers and Explanations About the AuthorPart I Orientation 1 Introduction 2 The Exam Format, Question Types, and StrategiesChapter 1 IntroductionWHAT ARE THE SAT SUBJECT TESTS? They are a series of one-hour exams administered by Educational Testing Service (ETS). Unlike the SAT, the SAT Subject Tests are designed to measure specific knowledge in specific areas. There are many different tests in many different subject areas, such as biology, history, French, and math. They are scored separately on a 200–800 scale. HOW ARE THE SAT SUBJECT TESTS USED BY COLLEGE ADMISSIONS? Because the tests are given in specific areas, colleges use them as another piece of admissions information and, often, to decide whether an applicant can be exempted from college requirements. For example, a certain score may excuse you from a basic English class or a foreign language requirement. SHOULD I TAKE THE SAT SUBJECT TESTS? HOW MANY? WHEN? About one-third of the colleges that require SAT I scores also require that you take two or three SAT Subject Tests. Your first order of business is to start reading those college catalogs. College guidebooks, admissions offices, and guidance counselors should have this information as well. As to which tests you should take, the answer is simple: 1. Take those Subject Tests that you will do well on. 2. Take the tests that the colleges you are applying to may require you to take. The best possible situation, of course, is when the two match. Some colleges have specific requirements, others do not. Again, start asking questions before you start taking tests. Once you find outwhich tests are required, if any, part of your decision making is done. The next step is to find out which of the tests will show your particular strengths and to contact colleges to see which tests they suggest or require. Evaluate your own strengths and skills. Possibilities range from English literature, U.S. or world history, biology, chemistry, and physics to a variety of foreign languages. As for when, take tests that are as close as possible to the corresponding coursework you may be doing. If you plan to take the SAT Chemistry Test, for example, and you are currently taking chemistry in high school, don’t postpone the test until next year. WHEN ARE THE SAT SUBJECT TESTS OFFERED? In general, you can take from one to three Subject Tests per test date in October, November, December, January, May, and June at test sites across the country. Not all subjects are offered at each administration, so check the dates carefully. HOW DO I REGISTER FOR THE TESTS? You can register at the College Board website at www.collegeboard.com. This site contains other useful information such as the test dates and fees. If you have questions, you can talk to a representative at the College Board by calling 866-630-9305. You may have your scores sent to you, to your school, and to four colleges of your choice. Additional score reports will be sent to additional colleges for, you guessed it, additional money. The scores take about five weeks to arrive. A Couple of Words About Score Choice As of February 2009, you can choose which SAT Subject Test scores you want colleges to see. This is great news! For one thing, if you take more than one SAT Subject Test on a given date, you’ll be able to choose which tests from that date you’d like to submit to colleges. Soif, for example, you take the Biology M test followed by the French test, but you don’t think that the French test went very well, you can simply opt out of having that French scores sent to your schools. This score reporting policy is optional for students. This means that you aren’t required to opt in and actively choose which specific scores you would like sent to colleges. If you decide not to use the Score Choice reporting feature, then all of the scores on file will automatically be sent when you request score reports. For more information about this score-reporting policy, go to the College board website at www.sat.collegeboard.org/home. WHAT’S A GOOD SCORE? That’s hard to say, exactly. A good score is one that falls within the range of scores the college of your choice usually accepts or looks for. However, if your score falls below the normal score range for Podunk University, that doesn’t mean you won’t get into Podunk University. Schools are usually fairly flexible in what they are willing to look at as a “good” score for a certain student. Along with your score, you will also receive a percentile rank. That number tells you how you fit in with the other test takers. In other words, a percentile rank of 60 means that 40 percent of the test takers scored above you and 60 percent scored below you. WHAT IS THE PRINCETON REVIEW? The Princeton Review is a test-preparation company based in New York City. We have branches across the country and abroad. We’ve developed the techniques you’ll find in our books, courses, and online resources by analyzing actual exams and testing their effectiveness with our students. What makes our techniques unique is our approach. We base our principles on the same ones used by the people who write the tests. We don’t want you to waste your time with superfluous information; we’ll give you just the information you’ll need to get great score improvements. You’ll learn to recognize and comprehend the relatively small amount of information that’s actuallytested. You’ll also learn to avoid common traps, to think like the test writers, to find answers to questions you’re unsure of, and to budget your time effectively. You need to do only two things: trust the techniques, and practice, practice, practice. CRACKING THE SAT BIOLOGY SUBJECT TESTS This book is for students who want to raise their scores on the SAT Biology Ecological (Biology E) Subject Test or SAT Biology Molecular (Biology M) Subject Test. At The Princeton Review, we know what standardized test makers are up to. That’s because we study their tests. We know how these tests are put together, and we’ll use that information to help you raise your score. How exactly will we do that? In two ways: 1 We’ll show you how to approach the test strategically. 2 We’ll teach you the biology you need to know to do well on the exam. TO E OR NOT TO E? As a student of biology, you can opt to take either the Biology E (Ecological) test or the Biology M (Molecular Biology) test. You may not take both tests on the same test day. Here’s how you should decide which test to take: Take the Biology E test if you are more comfortable with questions about energy flow, biological interactions, and populations and communities. This section of the biology test is focused on ecology. Take the Biology M test if you are more comfortable with topics such as biochemistry, cellular biology, and processes such as photosynthesis and respiration. This section of the test concentrates on molecular biology.POINT 1: APPROACHING THE TEST STRATEGICALLY You can improve your score on any multiple-choice exam by knowing a few basic strategies and test-taking techniques. The SAT Biology E/M Subject Test is no different. You should study the types of questions that show up on the exam, you should be wise to their design, and you should be familiar with the techniques that systematically lead to correct answers. When you sit down to take the SAT Biology E/M Subject Test, you’ll see some questions whose answers you don’t know right away. Without knowing the techniques that improve your chances of getting the correct answer, you might panic. In Chapter 2 of this book, we’ll show you eight strategies that will help you outsmart the SAT Biology E/M Subject Test. Learn our strategies, and if you do see an unexpected question or a question that tests an unfamiliar topic, you won’t panic. Why? Because you have the ammunition you need to improve your chances of getting the right answer. Practice and Practice Tests This book is interactive. We rehearse you over and over again on the subjects and strategies we teach. We don’t present a long array of drill questions at the end of a chapter. Instead, we watch your progress paragraph by paragraph, page by page. We take what you need to know and drive it into your head, word by word, and sentence by sentence. We also present two full-length practice SAT Biology E/M Subject Tests in Chapters 16 and 18. They’re complete with solutions and explanations that don’t just give you the right answer but also remind you of the strategies and techniques you should be applying to help you solve the question. Should I Buy Practice Material from ETS? It’s not a bad idea. If you want to take additional tests beyond the ones we provide, then buy The Official Study Guide for All SAT Subject Tests, Second Edition, which is published by the College Board. You can go to the College Board’s website, www.collegeboard.com, formore information and practice questions. Take the SAT Biology E/M SAT Subject Test and see how much easier it is after you’ve read and studied this book. POINT 2: TEACHING YOU THE BIOLOGY YOU NEED TO KNOW FOR THE EXAM ETS says its SAT Biology E/M Subject Test covers, among many other topics, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and the biochemical differences between the two. If you sat with your biology textbook and read about these subjects, you’d read about a whole lot of information that definitely will not be tested. You’d read about the roles of various enzymes, coenzymes, and cofactors. You’d see pictures like the one on the following page.And you’d read text like this: Glycolysis is a prime illustration of the manner in which vital biochemical processes occur through a series of steps. The complete catabolism of glucose may be considered to embody nine steps. We’ll examine the details of glycolysis and notice that the 6-carbon skeleton of the glucose molecule is sequentially degraded, each step being