Topic: The Cell
Chapter 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents
1. When the heart’s workload increases, what changes occur to the myocardial cells?
Hypertrophy or an increase in the size of cells
...
Topic: The Cell
Chapter 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents
1. When the heart’s workload increases, what changes occur to the myocardial cells?
Hypertrophy or an increase in the size of cells and consequently in the size of the
affected organ.
2. The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of: hormonal
hyperplasia
3. After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen; this
is an example of hormonal:
Hyperplasia
4. The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is
called:
Pathologic hyperplasia
5. Removal of part of the liver leads to ______________ of the remaining liver cells.
Compensatory hyperplasia
6. Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of
the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
Metaplasia
7. What is the single most common cause of cellular injury?
Hypoxic Injury
8. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why do sodium and water move into the cell?
There is a lack of ATP that can maintain the homeostasis and keep sodium and therefore
water out of the cell.
9. During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level
have on cells?
They swell because of the influx for sodium chloride.
10. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
Cardiovascular disease, HTN, DM2, CHF, and hyperlipidemia
11. How do free radicals cause cell damage? They are unpaired electrons or atoms that give
up or steal a charge and cause damage to chemical bonds in doing so. This therefore
causes damage to cells and cell membranes.
12. What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production.
13. What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury?
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Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues,
halting the synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid.
14. Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of:
Calcium
15. Which organs are affected by lead consumption?
Nerves and organs that form blood.
16. How does lead poisoning affect the nervous system?
Lead poisoning can alter calcium and affect neurotransmitters causing hyperactive
behavior, as well as additional capillary and arterial growth in the brain.
17. How does carbon monoxide cause tissue damage?
It binds to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen.
18. Acute alcoholism mainly affects the ______________ system.
Central Nervous sys.
19. What effect does fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) have on infants?
Cognitive impairment and facial abnormalities
20. What physiologic changes occur during heat exhaustion?
Hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and w
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