All lecture notes and additional learning notes from my Pharmacology Module in my BSC Adult Nursing Degree at Kings College London (2014-2017
Renal pharmacology – lecture notes
The main functions of the kidney are fi
...
All lecture notes and additional learning notes from my Pharmacology Module in my BSC Adult Nursing Degree at Kings College London (2014-2017
Renal pharmacology – lecture notes
The main functions of the kidney are filtration, reabsorption
and urine formation.
The nephron is the single functioning unit of the kidney - filtrating, reabsorption and urine formation happens.
Ions are water soluble and cannot diffuse though a membrane therefore membrane transport is used – active or passive depending on the ion and the gradient. Ion channels are opened if a receptor binds to a ligand OR action potentials activate the channel (electricity). Proteins are produced by transcription – something signals the nucleus to transcribe
DNA to RNA and the RNA has a code for the protein, goes into endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus to the external enviroment.
Passive transport – Transport proteins bind ions and carry them across the membrane.
Active transport – Ions bind to transport proteins. The transport proteins also bind energy in the form of ATP Using the ATP the protein carries the ion against its concentration gradient across the membrane and then releases the ion and used up ADP on the other side.
Diffusion - DOES NOT happen in ion transport. Diffusion happens in fat soluble substances where a substance moves from a higher concentration to a low concentration.
Osmosis – Is the movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane to equalize both side.
Semi-permeable membranes are semi-permeable are because electrolytes are sometimes let through and sometime not. Electrolytes can go through semi-permeable membranes at certain times – not always.
DIURETICS
Diuretics are medications that promote water loss from the kidney by exerting their effect on the nephron.
Diuretics increase the concentration of sodium in the urine causing more water to be absorbed into the urine
before it leaves the kidneys to be excreted. The aim of diuretics is to remove sodium entry.
Nephron physiology
99% of water that is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule gets reabsorbed by the kidney.
Proximal tubule – Most/main reabsorption - causes hyperosmolar medulla. Reabsorption of Na+, water and other ions. No drugs work on the proximal tubule due to it being the main absorption area
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