HURST NCLEX RN NCLEX PN COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW A+ GUIDE.

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1. FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES *** Please note all normal ranges for blood tests will depend on the lab performing the test. The normal values listed in this book are to be used as references only. ***... A. Fluid Volume Excess: Hypervolemia • Define: too much fluid in the 1. Causes: a. Heart Failure (HF): heart is , CO , decreased perfusion, UO *the volume stays in the b. Renal Failure (RF): Kidneys aren’t . c. Alka-Seltzer Fleet enema All 3 have a lot of . IVF with Na 2. Hormonal Regulation of Fluid Volume a. Aldosterone (steroid, mineralocorticoid): • Where is aldosterone found? • Normal action: when blood volume gets low (vomiting, blood loss, etc.) →aldosterone secretion increases →retain Na/water → blood volume goes **Disease with too much aldosterone: **Disease with too little aldosterone: b. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) • Where is ANP found? of the heart • How does it work? The of aldosterone. • So it causes of Na and H2O. c. ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone): • Normally makes you retain or diurese? • Retain? Two ADH Problems Too Much ADH Not Enough ADH Retain Fluid Volume SIADH Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (TOO MANY TOO MUCH ) Urine Blood Lose (diurese) Fluid Volume DI Diabetes Insipidus Urine Blood *Concentrated makes the #’s go up *Dilute makes #’s go down Urine specific gravity, sodium, and hematocrit • ADH is found in the ; • Key words to make you think potential ADH problem: craniotomy, head injury, sinus surgery, transphenoidal hypophysectomy or any condition that could lead to increased ICP there is a risk of an ADH problem. • Trans- , sphenoid , hypophysis , ectomy *Another name for anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is Vasopressin (Pitressin®). The drug Vasopressin (Pitressin®) or Desmopressin Acetate (DDAVP®) may be utilized as an ADH replacement in diabetes insipidus. [Show More]

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