1. FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES
*** Please note all normal ranges for blood tests will depend on the lab performing the test. The normal values listed in this book are to be used as references only. ***
A. Fluid Volume
...
1. FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES
*** Please note all normal ranges for blood tests will depend on the lab performing the test. The normal values listed in this book are to be used as references only. ***
A. Fluid Volume Excess: Hypervolemia
• Define: too much fluid in the
1. Causes:
a. Heart Failure (HF): heart is , CO , decreased
perfusion, UO
*the volume stays in the
b. Renal Failure (RF): Kidneys aren’t .
c. Alka-Seltzer
Fleet enema All 3 have a lot of .
IVF with Na
2. Hormonal Regulation of Fluid Volume
a. Aldosterone (steroid, mineralocorticoid):
• Where is aldosterone found?
• Normal action: when blood volume gets low (vomiting, blood loss, etc.)
→aldosterone secretion increases →retain Na/water → blood volume goes
**Disease with too much aldosterone:
**Disease with too little aldosterone:
b. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
• Where is ANP found? of the heart
• How does it work? The of aldosterone.
• So it causes of Na and H2O.
c. ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone):
• Normally makes you retain or diurese?
• Retain?
Two ADH Problems
Too Much ADH Not Enough ADH
Retain
Fluid Volume SIADH
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (TOO MANY TOO MUCH )
Urine Blood Lose (diurese) Fluid Volume
DI Diabetes Insipidus Urine Blood
*Concentrated makes the #’s go up
*Dilute makes #’s go down
Urine specific gravity, sodium, and hematocrit
• ADH is found in the ;
• Key words to make you think potential ADH problem: craniotomy, head injury, sinus surgery, transphenoidal hypophysectomy or any condition that could lead to increased ICP there is a risk of an ADH problem.
• Trans- , sphenoid , hypophysis , ectomy
*Another name for anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is Vasopressin (Pitressin®). The drug Vasopressin (Pitressin®) or Desmopressin Acetate (DDAVP®) may be utilized as an ADH replacement in diabetes insipidus.
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