BIOD 152 Anatomy and Physiology I - Module 5 Quiz.

BIOD152 Anatomy and Physiology II Quiz #5: Module 5 Question 1 Not yet graded / 0 pts Anatomy of the Lymphatic system 1. The lymphatic system is closely connected with what other body system? 2. What are lymph ...

BIOD152 Anatomy and Physiology II Quiz #5: Module 5 Question 1 Not yet graded / 0 pts Anatomy of the Lymphatic system 1. The lymphatic system is closely connected with what other body system? 2. What are lymphatic vessels? 3. What are three functions of the lymphatic system? 4. What is lymph? 5. Describe the flow of lymph. 6. True or false: Lymph vessels are only found in the lower extremities. 7. Describe the structure of lymph vessels. 8. Label the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct. Your Answer: 1. cardiovascular 2. vessels that take up excess fluid and return to the bloodstream 3. Helps with fluid regulation in intracellular space, helps with immunity, and absorption and transport of fats. 4. excess tissue fluid entering lymphatic capillaries. 5. lymph flows in one direction, from the periphery of the body towards the cardiovascular system 6. false 7. one way flow valves, and are dependant on muscular movement for transportation of fluids. 8. 1. Cardiovascular system 2. The lymphatic vessels take up excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream 3. (1) The lymphatic vessels take up excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream. (2) Lymphatic capillaries absorb fats and transport them to the bloodstream. (3) The lymphatic system helps with immunity to defend the body against disease. 4. Excess tissue fluid entering the lymphatic capillaries from the interstitial fluid not returned by the cardiovascular system. 5. The lymph flows one way, from the lymphatic capillary system to the subclavian veins, where it joins the venous circulation to return to the heart. 6. False 7. Lymph vessels have one-way flow valves similar in structure to the large veins of the cardiovascular system. The valves prevent the backward flow of lymph. The return of the lymph fluid into circulation is solely dependent on the squeezing action of skeletal muscles, squeezing the fluid one way through the lymphatic vessels. 8. See figure in module Question 2 Not yet graded / 0 pts Anatomy of the Lymphatic system 9. The right lymphatic duct drains into the . 10. True or false: The thoracic duct drains fluid from the right arm. 11. Describe the structure of a lymph node. 12. What is the axilla region? 13. The spleen is in what region of the body? 14. What is the function of the spleen? 15. After blood exits the spleen via the splenic vein, where does it travel? 16. Label the splenic artery, vein and hepatic portal vein. 17. Locate the thymus and describe its function. 18. Locate the tonsils and describe their function. Your Answer: 9. right subclavian vein 10. false 11. lyumph node is an encapsulated node with multiple incoming lymp vessels but few outgoing. 12. armpits 13. upper left abdomin 14. extraction of old and defective blood cells and platelets. 15. travels to hepatic portal vein. 16. 17. located on the anterior surface of the heart, secretes thymosin and thymopoietin, enabling T-Lymphocytes. 18. Tonsils are on either side of the back of the throatgather and destroy pathogens and bacteria entering through the mouth. 9. Right subclavian vein 10. False-the left arm 11. A lymph node is encapsulated in a fibrous connective tissue with many incoming and fewer outgoing lymphatic vessels. Incoming vessels (afferent vessels) flow through a network of sinuses that contain cells. The lymph then flows out of the lymph node through the efferent vessel. The interior of the lymph node is divided into open spaces called nodules, containing lymphocytes and macrophages. 12. Armpit 13. The spleen is in the upper left abdomen. 14. The spleen functions to extract old or defective blood cells and platelets. The spleen also removes debris, foreign matter, bacteria, viruses and toxins from the blood that flows through it. 15. Blood leaves the spleen via the splenic vein which flows to the hepatic portal vein (also called the hepatic portal system). The hepatic portal system carries blood drained from the veins of the spleen, intestines, stomach and pancreas to the liver. The hepatic portal vein transports blood into the liver where it is detoxified before returning to general circulation. 16. See figures in module. 17. The thymus gland is located on anterior surface of the heart. The thymus secretes thymosin and thymopoietin hormones which enable T lymphocytes (T cells) to mature and function as part of the immunity system. Mature T cells attack body cells which are cancerous or infected with pathogens. 18. The tonsils (palatine tonsils) are a group of small lymphoid organs in the lateral, posterior portions of the throat. The tonsils gather and destroy bacteria inhaled in air or food. Question 3 Not yet graded / 0 pts Physiology of the Lymphatic system and Immunology 19. What is the purpose of the nonspecific immune system? 20. What is the purpose of the specific immune system? 21. Discuss one body system involved in the nonspecific immune response. 22. What is swelling and why does it occur? 23. What are the two types of cytokines? 24. What cells produce cytokines? 25. What is the purpose of interferons? 26. What is the purpose of interleukins? 27. What are pyrogens? 28. How does a fever help the body? 29. What are the two subtypes of white blood cells? 30. Describe the major purpose of neutrophils. 31. What are the steps of phagocytosis? 32. Label all white blood cells from their histological pictures. 33. What do eosinophils do? Your Answer: 19. The first line of defense through chemical and physical barriers. 20. targeted and designed to be efficent against specific pathogens. 21. Skin 22. swelling occurs when blood vessels dilate and increase blood flow to a specific injury or infection area. 23. Interferons and interleukins 24. Macrohages, T and Bcells, and Fibroblasts. 25. Inhibit viral replication and activate natural killer cells. 26. chemical activators signaling immune responses. 27. interleukins that reset the bodies thermostat in hypothalamus. 28. They raise the temperature to interfere with growth and replication of the pathogen. 29. Granulocytes and Agranulocytes 30. most abundant, especially important for fighting bacterial infection. 31. cell identifies the cell surface receptor, binds to pathogen and creates a vacuole. Lysosomes release into vacuole to destroy pathogen. 32. 33. Respond to parasites and allergic reactions. 19. It serves as a first line of defense through physical and chemical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body. The nonspecific immune system response is the same to all threats that attempt to enter the body. This generalized defense system rapidly destroys large numbers of pathogens. 20. The specific immune system is targeted and extremely effective against pathogens. The main lymphocytes involved in specific immune responses are the T cells and the B cells. Both specific and nonspecific immune responses will be discussed here to give an overview of how the body reacts to an invasion from a foreign attack. 21. Examples include: Skin, tears, sweat, normal flora, inflammatory response, fevers 22. Tissue swelling dilates blood vessels in the affected area to help increase the number of immune cells responding to the infection. The increase of blood also causes redness and pain, helping to bring a conscious awareness of the infection. 23. The two main groups of cytokines include interferons and interleukins. 24. Both types of cytokines are produced by a variety of immune cells, including macrophages, T cells, B cells, and fibroblasts. 25. Interferons inhibit viral replication and assist in activating natural killer cells. 26. The group of cytokines called interleukins function as chemical activators and signals in the body to increase the immune response. There are many subtypes of interleukins that function to activate different types of immune cells. 27. During an infection, certain types of interleukins called pyrogens reset the body’s thermostat in the hypothalamus. The temperature set- point during homeostasis (normal body temperature) is raised to create a fever. 28. Fevers help the body fight infection by interfering with the growth and replication of pathogens. Fevers also causes lysosomes, an organelle inside cells, to break down. The lysosomes release digestive enzymes that lyse (destroys a cell) infected by a virus. In addition, fevers can promote the activity of white blood cells. Mild fevers of short duration can assist in recovery. 29. Agranulocytes and granulocytes 30. Neutrophils are responsible for fighting infections, especially those that involve bacteria. Neutrophils use phagocytosis to destroy foreign cells and pathogens. 31. A cell, such as a neutrophil, recognizes a pathogen by its cell surface receptors. The neutrophil then binds to the pathogen and brings it inside the cell forming a vacuole. The vacuole fuses with cell lysosomes which release digestive enzymes to destroy the pathogen. Once the pathogen is destroyed, the contents are released from the cell. 32. See figures within module. 33. Eosinophils respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections. As a granulocyte, eosinophils are also capable of phagocytosis. Question 4 Not yet graded / 0 pts Physiology of the Lymphatic system and Immunology 34. What do basophils release? 35. Monocytes transform into when the migrate into the tissue from the blood. 36. Describe the structure of a B cell and how it becomes activated. 37. What do plasma cells do? 38. What are memory B cells? 39. What is antibody mediated immunity? 40. What are the 5 classes of antibodies? 41. What is cell mediated immunity? 42. Describe the structure of T cell membranes. 43. What is a killer T cell? 44. What is a helper T cell? 45. What types of cells to NK cells destroy? Your Answer: 34. Histamine and heparin 35. macrophages 36. antibody-mediated immunity 37. plasma cells produce antibodies. 38. memory B cells are b cells that contiunue producing anitbodies after infection for memory and quick repsonse if the infection returns. 39. defense of the body thorugh secretion of antibodies. 40. IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgA 41. releases its own contents to kill pathogens without antibodies. 42. copntain antigen receptors which connect to foreign antibodies. 43. recognize and kill foreign cells from their surface antigens. 44. secrete substances that activate or enhance immune response. 45. seek out abnormal body cells 34. Histamines and heparin 35. Macrophages 36. Each B cell is genetically programmed to produce a glycoprotein receptor as part of its cell coat. Each receptor binds with a specific type of antigen. B cells become activated when an antigen binds with its receptor. Once activated it is now called a plasma cell. 37. Each plasma cell produces antibodies, which is a soluble form of the glycoprotein receptor from the B cell's surface. After the antibody is released, it binds to the invading antigen to cause it to be inactive or mark it for destruction. 38. Some activated B cells become memory B cells which continue to produce a small amount of antibody even after the infection is over. If the same pathogen enters the body again, the antibody immediately binds with the antigen. The memory B cells can produce a specific antibody much faster and targets it for destruction at a much faster rate the second time a pathogen invades the body. 39. Antibody-mediated immunity defends the body against pathogens through the secretion of antibodies. The antibodies bind to the pathogen, making it unable to cause further damage in the body and marking it for phagocytosis. 40. IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM and IgA. 41. Cell mediated immunity releases contents to kill a pathogen, such as cytokines and enzymes. Cell mediated immunity also includes the direct cellular action such as phagocytosis by other white blood cells. 42. T cells contain antigen receptors that bind to specific glycoproteins in cell membranes. 43. Killer T cells (cytotoxic T cells) recognize and destroy invading cells containing foreign antigens. Killer T cells attack virus-infected cells or cells infected with cancer cells by releasing cytokines and enzymes locally to lyse the cell. 44. Helper T cells secrete substances that activate or enhance immune responses. B cells require an interaction with helper T cells before they can begin rapid division. 45. Natural killer cells seek out abnormal body cells and destroy them. This makes NK cells highly effective against tumor cells. Question 5 Not yet graded / 0 pts Diseases of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems 46. What is graft rejection? 47. What is the MHC? 48. How do Killer T cells use the MHC complex? 49. What is the purpose of immunosuppressant drugs? 50. What is an autoimmune disease? 51. What occurs in the disease process of RA? 52. What occurs in the disease process of MS? 53. What are allergens? 54. What are some common allergic reactions to mild environmental factors? 55. What is anaphylaxis? 56. Hives are . 57. What is anaphylactic shock? 58. The EpiPen releases the hormone . 59. What is lymphedema? 60. What is tonsillitis? Your Answer: 46. rejection of transplanted organ 47. major histocompatibility complex 48. they use it for self and non-self identificaiton 49. suppression of the immune systme 50. antibodies and t cells begin attacking the body of the host. 51. t cells attack the synovial lining inside joints 52. attack and prevent formation of myelin sheaths. 53. mild antigens producing allergic responses. 54. sneezing, runnig nose, headaches 55. sever, life threatening allergic reaction 56. raised red bumps 57. repsonse to anaphylaxis allergic reaction where capillaries are so dilated pressure drops dangerously low 58. epinephrine 59. form of edema where lymp system does not function properly or return fluid to circulation. 60. inflammation of the tonsils. 46. Graft rejection is the rejection of a transplanted organ by an organ donor. Tissue grafts and organ transplants most often originate from another person's body. The MHC on the surface of the graft are recognized by the host body as a foreign pathogen. 47. The glycoprotein surface receptors on the cells throughout the body are called the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The MHC enables the immune system to determine what cells are the body’s cells and what cells are foreign. Cells of the body also have a way of displaying through the MHC complex if there is something abnormal within the cell (such as cancer). 48. Killer T cells (cytotoxic T cells) recognize and destroy invading cells through this self or not-self recognition of the MHC complexes on each cell. 49. They suppress the immune system. Suppressing the immune system is necessary so that the body does not reject the organ transplant or tissue graft. 50. An autoimmune disease occurs when antibodies and T cells attack the body's own tissues. 51. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), T cells produce interleukins which cause inflammation inside the joints systemically. 52. Antibodies attack the or prevent the formation of the myelin sheath around nerve cells, resulting in muscular weakness. 53. mild antigens 54. Allergic reactions vary from person to person, but generally include red/watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose and headaches. 55. Anaphylaxis is a severe life-threatening allergic reaction against a pathogen or a circulating drug in the body 56. Swelling in the form of raised red bumps 57. A person’s capillaries become so dilated it causes their blood pressure to drop too low, leading to collapse. A person can die from anaphylactic shock because the heart stops beating, or the airway passages become completely closed and the person can no longer breathe. 58. Epinephrine 59. Lymphedema is a specific form of edema where the lymphatic system is not working properly to return fluid back into circulation. The interstitial fluid slowly accumulates in the limb (arm or leg) and it becomes extremely swollen and distended. Lymphedema can become a serious condition if not treated because the swollen tissues are vulnerable to infection. 60. Inflammation of the tonsils