University Of Arizona NURS 501 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Study Guides > complete A+ guide; all chapters questions/answers(deeply elaborated)

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Chapter 1: Cellular Biology Study Guide 1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption? a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. b. Cel... ls can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats. 2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the: a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus b. Ribosome d. Lysosome 3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction? a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes b. Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes 4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury? a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum b. Golgi complex d. Lysosomes 5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell? a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane. b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to the cell membrane. c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell membrane. d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in cytosol to the cell membrane. 6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized? a. G1 b. S c. G2 d. M 7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive activepumps? a. Lipids c. Proteins b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates 8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases? a. Cardiac and vascular disorders b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders 9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane? a. Carbohydrate chains. b. Membrane channel proteins c. Glycoprotein channels d. Lipid bilayer (Phospholipids bi-layer) 10. The fluid mosaic model explains: a. How a cell membrane functions b. Why our bodies appear to be solid c. How tissue is differentiated d. How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments 11. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and with other cells in direct physical contact? a. Protein channel (gap junction) b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors) c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands 12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away? a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter b. Autocrine d. Hormonal 13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized? a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter b. Autocrine d. Hormone 14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to: a. Lipids c. Amphipathic lipids b. Ribosomes d. Receptors 15. How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?a. Protein channel (gap junction) b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors) c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters d. Chemical messengers such as ligands 16. When a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, it is provided by which one? a. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) c. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) b. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) d. Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) 17. Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell? A.. Oxidative phosphorylation B.. Lactolysis C. Glycolysis D. Passive transport 18. What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? a. Anaerobic glycolysis c. Oxidative phosphorylation b. Oxidative cellular metabolism d. Tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation 19. Passive transport is best described with which statement? a. Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion. b. Involving receptors that can bind with substances being transported. c. Being capable of transporting macromolecules. d. Requiring energy generated by the cell 20. Active transport occurs across which type of membranes? a. Membranes that have a higher concentration of the solute on the outside of the cell b. Membranes that are semipermeable to water and small electrically uncharged molecules c. Membranes that have receptors that are capable of binding with the substances to be transported d. Membranes that have a cell membrane that is hydrophobic rather than hydrophilic 21. Which method of transport uses transmembrane proteins with receptors with a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported? a. Active c. Transmembranous b. Mediated d. Passive 22. The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movement process?a. Hydrostatic pressure c. Diffusion b. Osmosis d. Active transport 23. Why is osmolality preferred over osmolarity as the measurement of osmotic activity in the clinical assessment of individuals? a. Plasma contains sodium and chloride, which influence the volume of solution. b. Volume affects perfusion more than the weight of solutes. c. More of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes, such as protein and glucose, rather than by water. d. Osmotic activity depends on the concentration of solutes present in plasma, such as proteins and glucose. 24. A patient who has diarrhea receives a 3% saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells? a. Become hydrated c. Shrink b. Swell or burst d. Divide 25. The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by which process? a. Active-mediated transport (active transport) b. Active diffusion c. Passive osmosis d. Passive-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion) 26. Potassium and sodium are transported across plasma membranes by: a. Passive electrolyte channels b. Coupled channels c. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme d. Diffusion 27. What occurs during exocytosis? a. Macromolecules can be secreted across eukaryotic cell membranes. b. All substances are secreted into the cellular matrix. c. No repairs in the plasma membrane can take place. d. Solute molecules flow freely into and out of the cell. 28. Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells? a. Potassium has a greater concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF). b. Sodium has a greater concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF). c. The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium. d. An excess of anions are inside t [Show More]

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