VATI ATI Child Test Bank, Latest Summer 2020, Complete guide.

VATI ATI child test. A nurse is teaching the parents of an infant how to administer antibiotic eardrops. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? Chill the ...

VATI ATI child test. A nurse is teaching the parents of an infant how to administer antibiotic eardrops. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? Chill the medication prior to administration. The nurse should instruct the parents that the otic solution should be at room temperature before instilling in the ear to minimize discomfort. Pull the pinna up and back during medication administration. The nurse should instruct the parents to gently pull the pinna downward and straight back during administration of the medication to the infant. This positions the ear canal and eustachian tube to ensure correct placement of the medication. Hyperextend the infant's neck during medication administration. The nurse should not instruct the parents to hyperextend the infant's neck when administering ear drops, as this is the position used to administer nasal medications. The nurse should instruct the parents to turn the infant's head to the appropriate side while in the prone or supine position. After instilling the medication, the parents should keep the infant in a lateral position for a few minutes to ensure the medication reaches the target area. Massage the anterior area of the ear following administration. MY ANSWER The nurse should instruct the parents to massage the anterior area of the ear, just in front of the tragus, following administration to facilitate instillation of the medication into the ear canal. This action assists the medication in reaching the target area. A nurse is providing a presentation for parents of a toddler about preventing childhood burns. Which of the following statements by a parent indicates an understanding of the teaching? "I will change the batteries in our smoke detectors every 24 months." Parents should change the batteries in their smoke detectors 1 to 2 times a year to ensure the devices function properly and continuously. "I will turn pot handles turned toward me when I am cooking." Parents should keep pot handles turned toward the back of the stove at all times to prevent the toddler from pulling down on the handles and spilling hot contents, inflicting serious burns. "I don't need to apply sunscreen to my child if he is outside after 3 p.m.” Parents should apply sunscreen of SPF 15 or greater whenever children are outdoors. The nurse should suggest the parents keep children indoors during 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. when the risk for sunburns is the greatest. "I will plug protective guards into my electrical outlets." MY ANSWER Parents should plug protective guards into electrical outlets or place furniture in front of the outlets to protect the toddler from electrical shock or burns. 3. A nurse is teaching a group of new parents about expected language development. The nurse should include that a child should begin to speak 10 or more words about which of the following ages? 6 months The nurse should expect infants to begin adding consonants to simple syllables (“da-da,wa-wa”) and begin to imitate sounds around 6 months of age. 10 months The nurse should expect an infant to begin speaking their first words with meaning around 10 months of age. 18 months MY ANSWER The nurse should expect a toddler to speak 10 or more words around 18 months of age. The toddler should also form simple word combinations. 24 months The nurse should expect a toddler to speak approximately 300 words around 24 months of age. The toddler should also use two- and three-word phrases and pronouns. 4. A nurse in the emergency department is caring for a preschool-age child who has hemophilia A and sustained an abdominal trauma following a motor vehicle crash. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? (Select all that apply.) Administer factor VIII. Assess for changes in level of consciousness. Apply a warming blanket over the child. Perform passive range of motion hourly. Administer factor IX. MY ANSWER Administer factor VIII is correct. Hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder caused by a factor VIII deficiency; therefore, the nurse should plan to administer factor VIII prophylactically to prevent or minimize bleeding. Assess for changes in level of consciousness is correct. Hemophilia A can cause cerebral bleeding; therefore, the nurse should assess the child for headaches and decreased level of consciousness. Apply a warming blanket over the child is incorrect. The nurse should apply ice or cold packs to the child to vasoconstrict the child's blood flow. Perform passive range of motion hourly is incorrect. The nurse should rest the joints during the acute phase of bleeding to prevent stretching the joint or bleeding to recur. Administer factor IX is incorrect. The nurse should identify that children who have hemophilia B have a deficiency in factor IX and the nurse should plan to administer factor IX prophylactically to prevent or minimize bleeding. 5. A nurse is creating a plan of care for a school-age child who has moderate partial-thickness burns on both lower extremities. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan? Maintain aseptic technique during the child's dressing changes. The nurse should perform dressing changes using aseptic technique to prevent infection. Delayed wound healing can occur due to infection, which can also cause partial-thickness wounds to develop into full-thickness wounds. Provide low-calorie snacks for the child several times each day. Burn injuries create a hypermetabolic state, requiring an increase of up to three times the normal calorie requirements. The nurse should provide high-calorie, high-protein snacks to promote healing and replace calories and proteins that are expended due to the child's increased metabolism. Apply continuous passive motion devices to the child's lower extremities during periods of rest. The nurse should apply splints to the child's lower extremities during periods of rest and sleep to minimize the development of flexion contractions. Administer pain medication to the child 30 min following physical therapy. MY ANSWER The nurse should administer pain medication to the child 30 to 45 min prior to painful procedures, such as physical therapy or dressing changes. Adequate pain control is needed so the child will actively participate and cooperate during physical therapy. 6. A nurse is performing an initial physical examination on a child. The nurse should recognize that which of the following manifestations indicates a possible brain tumor? (Select all that apply.) Vomiting Bruises easily Clumsiness Irritability Persistent headaches MY ANSWER Vomiting is correct. The clinical manifestations of a brain tumor vary with the size and location of the tumor. Vomiting unrelated to feeding is a common finding. It tends to become progressively more projectile and is most severe in the morning. It can be accompanied by nausea and is a result of increased intracranial pressure. Bruises easily is incorrect. Anticoagulation is not associated with brain tumors. It is more likely to be seen with hematologic malignant disease (leukemia). Clumsiness is correct. Clumsiness, lack of coordination, and loss of balance are common manifestations of brain tumors. Manifestations result from pressure and interference with circulation within the brain. Irritability is correct. Irritability is a common behavioral manifestation of brain tumors. Other manifestations include anorexia, fatigue, lethargy, and bizarre behavior such as staring. Persistent headaches is correct. Headache is probably the most common symptom of brain tumors. Headaches result from pressure on pain-sensitive areas, such as large blood vessels and cranial nerves. Headaches tend to be worse in the morning and subside as the day progresses. 7. A nurse is documenting a male infant's weight on a growth chart. The infant is 11 months old and weighs 11.3 kg (24.9 lb). Identify the correct point on the graph where the nurse should plot the infant's weight. (You will find hot spots to select in the artwork below. Select only the hot spot that contains the plot point that corresponds to your answer.) A is correct. To document the appropriate area on the growth chart, obtain a chart designated for the infant's age and sex. Next, the nurse should find the marker for age at the bottom of the chart. Then, on the right side of the page, the nurse should determine the marker for weight in either kg or lb and plot them on the graph accordingly. If the points plotted are within the two bolded lines, representing the 10th and 95th percentiles, the child's development in terms of these parameters is appropriate. This is the correct documentation of the infant's weight. B is incorrect. To document the appropriate area on the growth chart, obtain a chart designated for the infant's age and sex. Next, the nurse should find the marker for age at the bottom of the chart. Then, on the right side of the page, the nurse should determine the markers for weight in either kg or lb and plot them on the graph accordingly. According to this point on the chart, the infant is 13 months old and weighs 11.3 kg (24.9 lb). C is incorrect. To document the appropriate area on the growth chart, obtain a chart designated for the infant's age and sex. Next, the nurse should find the marker for age at the bottom of the chart. Then, on the right side of the page, the nurse should determine the markers for weight in either kg or lb and plot them on the graph accordingly. According to this point on the chart, the infant is 11 months old and weighs 9.5 kg (20.9 lb). D is incorrect. To document the appropriate area on the growth chart, obtain a chart designated for the infant's age and gender. Next, the nurse should find the marker for age at the bottom of the chart. Then, on the right side of the page, the nurse should determine the markers for weight in either kg or lb and plot them on the graph accordingly. According to this point on the chart, the infant is 13 months old and weighs 10.2 kg (22.5 lb). 8. A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a group of guardians of infants about home safety. Which of the following statements should the nurse make? "Place your baby in a side-lying position when sleeping." The nurse should instruct the parents to avoid placing the infant in a side-lying position unless medically indicated. All infants should be placed in supine position to decrease the risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). "Use a drop-side crib until your baby is at least 6 months old." MY ANSWER The nurse should instruct the parents to avoid the use of drop-side cribs due to increased risk for falls and potential injury. "Apply a plastic mattress cover to your baby's bed to protect it." The nurse should instruct the parents to avoid using plastic on the infant's mattress because it can cause suffocation. "Keep your infant restrained when they are in a highchair." The nurse should instruct the parents to restrain their infant while sitting in a highchair using the included strap with a closure. This will prevent the infant from falling out of the chair and decrease the risk for injury. The nurse should also instruct the parents to avoid leaving their infant in a highchair unattended because of the risk of slipping down in the chair and strangling on the safety strap. 9. A nurse is preparing to administer erythromycin 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 6 hr to an adolescent who is postoperative following surgical removal of a peritonsillar abscess and weighs 40 kg. Available is erythromycin oral solution 200 mg/5 mL. How many mL should the nurse administer with each dose? (Round the answer to the nearest tenth. Use a leading zero if it applies. Do not use a trailing zero.) 12.5 ml 10. A nurse is teaching the parent of a school-age child who has cystic fibrosis about home care. Which of the following statements by the parent indicates an understanding of the teaching? "I will cook foods that are low in fat and carbohydrates." The parent should serve nutritious foods that are high in calories, protein, and fats. A child who has cystic fibrosis experiences intestinal malabsorption and is at risk for nutritional deficiencies and inadequate growth. "My child can chew their enzyme medication with meals." The parent should have the child swallow the capsules whole or sprinkle them on their food within 30 min of their meals and snacks. The child should not chew or crush the enteric-coated tablets, because destroying the enteric coating can lead to inactivation of the enzymes and excoriation of the oral mucosa. "I will give my child stool softeners for constipation." MY ANSWER Constipation can occur in the child who has cystic fibrosis because of a failure to properly break down foods, a slowing of the intestinal motility, and the thickened enzymatic secretions due to the disease process itself. The parent should administer an osmotic solution, such as polyethylene glycol, stool softeners, or laxatives to treat constipation. "My child will be excused from physical education class." The parent should encourage the child to participate in physical exercise to mobilize secretions and increase blood flow to the lungs. Exercise can stimulate mucus excretion and provides a sense of good health and positive self-esteem for the child. 11. A nurse is assessing an infant who has Tetralogy of Fallot. Which of the following clinical manifestations should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.) Anemia Stridor Bounding peripheral pulses A heart murmur Cyanotic spells MY ANSWER Anemia is incorrect. Tetralogy of Fallot is four defects that alter hemodynamics to widely varying degrees. Shunting can be in either direction depending on the degree of the defects and the differences between the pulmonary and the systemic vascular resistance. The chronic hypoxemia stimulates erythropoiesis, resulting in polycythemia, which is an increased number of RBCs. Stridor is incorrect. Stridor, a noisy, high-pitched respiration, is not a clinical manifestation of Tetralogy of Fallot. Bounding peripheral pulses is incorrect. Bounding peripheral pulses are not a clinical manifestation of Tetralogy of Fallot. A heart murmur is correct. Infants who have Tetralogy of Fallot exhibit a systolic murmur that is moderate in intensity. Cyanotic spells is correct. Infants who have Tetralogy of Fallot experience anoxic spells when the infant's oxygen requirements exceed the oxygen available in the blood supply, such as when the infant is crying or following a feeding. 12. A nurse is providing home care instructions to the parents of a child who is in the edema phase of nephrotic syndrome. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? Restrict the child's potassium intake. MY ANSWER The nurse should not instruct the parents to restrict the child's potassium intake. However, the parents should restrict the child's sodium intake by avoiding the addition of salt to the child's food, and by eliminating high-sodium foods from the diet. The child may resume a regular salt intake after the acute phase of nephrotic syndrome has passed. Provide quiet activities for the child. The nurse should instruct the parents to provide quiet activities, such as reading and coloring, during the edema phase of nephritis to minimize oxygen consumption and preserve energy. Weigh the child once a week. The nurse should instruct the parents to weigh the child at the same time each day with the child wearing the same clothing. The nurse should instruct the parents to notify the provider if the child's weight increases. Administer acetaminophen to the child daily. The nurse should not instruct the parents to administer acetaminophen to the child daily. Daily administration of acetaminophen could also cause additional stress to the child's kidneys. 13. A nurse is providing discharge teaching to the parents of a school-age child who has epilepsy and a new prescription for phenytoin extended-release capsules. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? Administer the medication on an empty stomach. MY ANSWER The nurse should instruct the parents to administer the medication with meals, or just before eating, to prevent gastrointestinal upset. Encourage the child to brush their teeth after each meal. The nurse should recommend consistent dental hygiene to the parents of a child who has a prescription for phenytoin. This medication can cause gingival hyperplasia, and good oral hygiene reduces the risk of this occurring. Crush the child's medication to mix with applesauce. The nurse should instruct the parents to administer the extended-release capsule whole to ensure proper absorption and therapeutic plasma drug levels. Observe the child for diarrhea. The nurse should instruct the parents to monitor the child for constipation as an adverse effect of phenytoin. 14. A nurse is caring for a 3-year-old child who has viral meningitis. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? Koplik spots The nurse should not expect a child who has viral meningitis to have Koplik spots. Koplik spots are small red spots with a white center that are found on the oral mucosa in children who have measles. Decreased protein in the cerebrospinal fluid The nurse should expect a child who has viral meningitis to exhibit either a normal or slightly elevated protein level in the cerebrospinal fluid due to increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Nuchal rigidity MY ANSWER The nurse should expect a child who has viral meningitis to have nuchal rigidity, which is caused by meningeal irritation. The child also might have fever and photophobia. Decreased glucose in the cerebrospinal fluid The nurse should expect a child who has viral meningitis to exhibit a glucose level within the expected reference range in the cerebrospinal fluid. Bacterial meningitis can decrease the glucose in the cerebrospinal fluid. 15. A nurse is assessing a 4-month-old infant at a well-child visit. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? The infant exhibits a fear of strangers. The nurse should expect a 6-month-old infant to exhibit a fear of strangers when the ability to recognize their parents develops. The infant understands the word "no." The nurse should expect a 9-month-old infant to understand the word "no" and to respond to basic commands from their parents. The infant has an absent grasp reflex. The nurse should expect a 4-month-old infant to have an absent grasp reflex because this primitive reflex disappears at 3 months of age. The nurse should expect the infant to grasp objects with both hands at this stage of development. The infant rolls from their back to their abdomen. MY ANSWER The nurse should expect a 6-month-old infant to reposition from a supine position to a prone position. At 4 months old, the infant should be able to roll from their back to their side. 16. 16. A nurse is assessing a child who has full-thickness burns of the legs. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse expect? Fluid-filled blisters The nurse should not expect a full-thickness burn to have blisters. Partial-thickness burns involve the epidermis and upper layers of the dermis and are light pink to pink in color with denuded moist areas or intact blisters. These burns are characteristically very painful. Injured skin is cream to black in color The nurse should expect a full-thickness burn to have variable colors, including cream to brown or black. The injury reaches through the epidermis to the dermis, and possibly to the muscles, tendons, and bone. Areas with a full-thickness burn are less painful than partial-thickness burned areas because of the nerve destruction involved. Injured skin blanches with pressure The nurse should not expect a full-thickness burn to blanche with pressure. The surface of the burned skin will be dry, appear charred, and will not blanche with pressure. Superficial thickness and partial-thickness burns will blanche. Intense, continuous pain MY ANSWER The nurse should not expect a full-thickness burn to cause intense, continuous pain. Areas with a full-thickness burn involve nerve destruction, limiting the sensation of pain. 17. A nurse is planning care for a child who has cerebral palsy and is experiencing muscle spasms. Which of the following medications should the nurse expect to administer? Indomethacin The nurse should not plan to administer indomethacin to a child who has cerebral palsy and is experiencing muscle spasms. Indomethacin is an anti-inflammatory medication used in the treatment of gout. Baclofen MY ANSWER The nurse should plan to administer baclofen to a child who has cerebral palsy and muscle spasms because it is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant that will decrease muscle spasms and severe spasticity. Methotrexate The nurse should not plan to administer methotrexate to a child who has cerebral palsy and is experiencing muscle spasms. Methotrexate is an antineoplastic medication used to treat various cancers and rheumatoid arthritis. Carbamazepine The nurse should not plan to administer carbamazepine to a child who has cerebral palsy and is experiencing muscle spasms. Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant used to treat seizures. PAUSE 18. A nurse is providing teaching about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without contrast to the parent of a child who has cancer. Which of the following statements should the nurse make? "Your child will be exposed to a moderate amount of radiation during the procedure." MY ANSWER An MRI produces radiofrequency emissions from nonradioactive elements. Therefore, the child is not exposed to radiation during this procedure "Your child might experience pain during the procedure." An MRI does not cause pain, as it is a noninvasive procedure that emits radiofrequencies to produce an image. "This is considered an invasive procedure." An MRI is a noninvasive procedure, unless an IV is prescribed when contrast is used. No contrast is indicated for this child, so no IV is needed. "You can remain in the room with your child during the procedure." The parent may remain in the room with the child to provide comfort and reassurance during the procedure. 19. A nurse is providing discharge teaching to the parents of a school-age child who is immobilized following spinal surgery. Which of the following nutritional recommendations should the nurse include? Add supplemental calcium to the child's diet. The nurse should not instruct the parents to increase the child's calcium intake. Immobilization increases the risk for hypercalcemia, leading to renal stones, muscle fatigue, and diminished reflexes. Decrease dietary fiber intake. The nurse should not instruct the parents to decrease the child's intake of fiber. Immobilization increases the risk for constipation and fecal impaction. Therefore, the nurse should instruct the parents to increase the child's fiber intake. Encourage small, frequent meals high in protein. MY ANSWER The nurse should instruct the parents to provide small but frequent meals that are high in protein while their child is healing from surgery. Immobilization causes a decrease in appetite. Therefore, small but frequent meals will be more readily tolerated. Adequate protein intake is needed for energy and tissue healing. Encourage foods that are low in calories. The nurse should not instruct the parents to provide foods that are low in calories. Immobilization decreases the metabolic rate and appetite. However, adequate healing requires calories to prevent undernutrition, nutrient deficiencies, and a negative nitrogen balance. The nurse should instruct the parents to provide nutrient-dense foods that are high in protein. A nurse in an emergency department is providing pre-procedure teaching to the parents of a child who is to undergo a bronchoscopy due to aspiration of a foreign body. Which of the following parent statements indicate understanding of the teaching? "My child will be awake for this procedure." The child requires sedation for an endoscopy and bronchoscopy to prevent complications from this procedure. Therefore, the child will not be awake during the procedure. "I can take my child home as soon as the procedure is over." The nurse will observe the child for complications, such as laryngeal edema, after the procedure. The child can go home when their vital signs are stable and he has a gag/cough reflex, which usually returns within a few hours. "The provider will remove the object during this procedure." MY ANSWER The provider is able to make a definitive diagnosis of objects in the larynx and trachea during a bronchoscopy and can subsequently remove the foreign body. "After this procedure, I have to wait 48 hours before I can give my child solid foods." Once the gag/cough reflex returns, the child can consume fluids and solid foods. This usually occurs within a few hours following the procedure. 21. A nurse is assessing a 9-month-old infant who has gastroenteritis. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a manifestation of severe dehydration? Flat anterior fontanel The nurse should identify a flat anterior fontanel as an expected finding in an infant who has mild dehydration. An infant who has moderate to severe dehydration will exhibit a sunken anterior fontanel. Dry, hot skin The nurse should observe that an infant who is severely dehydrated has skin that is cool to the touch and mottled in appearance with the presence of tenting. Loss of 5% of weight The nurse should identify a loss of 5% of weight as a manifestation of mild dehydration. An infant experiencing a 6% to 9% weight loss has moderate dehydration, while a loss of 10% or more indicates severe dehydration. Absence of tears when crying MY ANSWER The nurse should identify the absence of tears when crying as a manifestation of severe dehydration. Other manifestations of severe dehydration include: sunken eyeballs, parched mucous membranes, oliguria, sunken fontanels, and hyperpnea. A school nurse is providing dietary teaching for an 11-year-old child who has type 1 diabetes mellitus. The nurse should identify which of the following responses by the child indicates an understanding of the teaching? (Select all that apply.) "I should eat extra food on busy days when I am more active." "I should wait 2 hours after eating before playing with my friends." "I should increase my intake of sugar-free fluids when I am sick." "I should eat a snack 30 minutes before my baseball game starts." "I should have a 16 ounce glass of milk if I start feeling weak or shaky." MY ANSWER "I should eat extra food on busy days when I am more active" is correct. The nurse should instruct the child to increase their intake of allowable foods when they are more active. Exercise lowers blood glucose levels during and after activity. Food intake should be adjusted to compensate for the release of insulin into the circulatory system and prevent episodes of hypoglycemia. The recommended increase of carbohydrates is 10 to 15 g per hour of moderate play or activity. "I should wait 2 hours after eating before playing with my friends" is incorrect. The child should play or exercise within 2 hr of eating because exercise requires them to have more carbohydrates in their system. Waiting 2 hr after eating before play or exercise increases the likelihood of a hypoglycemic episode. A carbohydrate snack will most likely be needed during prolonged play or exercise and another a few hours after the activity. "I should increase my intake of sugar-free fluids when I am sick" is correct. The nurse should instruct the child to increase their intake of sugar-free fluids when they are sick. Fluids flush out ketones to prevent dehydration. The nurse should recommend sugar-free liquids, such as water, broth, and tea to the child. The child should continue with their usual intake at mealtimes and follow their recommended meal plan as much as possible. "I should eat a snack 30 minutes before my baseball game starts" is correct. The nurse should instruct the child to eat a recommended snack 30 min prior to a planned activity, such as a baseball game. If the game is prolonged, they should have a snack every 45 min to an hour. If for some reason the child cannot tolerate the extra food, the next intervention is to decrease the child's insulin dose before baseball games. "I should have a 16 ounce glass of milk if I start feeling weak or shaky." is incorrect. The child should consume 8 oz of milk if they feel hypoglycemic, rather than 16 oz. Clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia include dizziness, headache, irritability, weakness, shakiness, and confusion. An 8-oz glass of milk contains 15 g of carbohydrate. If the child consumes 16 oz, it would contain a minimum of 30 g of carbohydrate and most likely cause the child to become hyperglycemic and require a dose of insulin. 23. A nurse is assessing a toddler. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indication of potential child maltreatment? Superficial scrapes on the toddler's lower legs The nurse should identify that superficial scrapes on the child's lower legs are an expected finding for a toddler. Due to immature motor skills and their physical activity level, toddlers often bump into objects and fall, leading to superficial scrapes and bruising on the extremities. Circular burns on the soles of the toddler's feet MY ANSWER The nurse should identify circular burns on the soles of the toddler's feet as a potential indication of child maltreatment. Physical manifestations of burns are often found on the soles, back, buttocks, or hands. The nurse should document the location of the burns along with a description of the pattern and the presence of eschar or blistering. The nurse should also obtain diagrams and photographs using a measurement tool. Irregular area of blue pigmentation over the toddler's sacrum The nurse should identify an irregular area of blue discoloration over the toddler's sacrum as a Mongolian spot. This discoloration is not a manifestation of child maltreatment and most often occurs in children who have darker skin tones (American Indian, Hispanic, Asian, and African American). Single bruise on the toddler's forearm The nurse should identify a single bruise on the toddler's forearm as an expected finding for a toddler. Due to immature motor skills and their physical activity level, toddlers often bump into objects and fall, leading to superficial scrapes and bruising on the extremities. A nurse is caring for a child who has bacterial meningitis. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? Administer IV antibiotics. The nurse should administer IV antibiotics to the child to eliminate the infectious organism. However, evidence-based practice indicates another action is the priority. Monitor vital signs. The nurse should closely monitor the child's vital signs because the child can develop a shock state or develop a fever. However, evidence-based practice indicates another action is the priority. Encourage oral fluids. The nurse should encourage oral fluid intake to maintain hydration. However, evidence-based practice indicates another action is the priority. Initiate droplet precautions. MY ANSWER According to evidence-based practice, the nurse should first initiate droplet isolation precautions to reduce the risk of transmission of the infection to others. 25. A home health nurse is developing a plan of care for the parents of a toddler who has hemophilia A. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? Administer aspirin for pain. The nurse should not instruct the parents to administer aspirin to the toddler, because aspirin has anti-platelet actions that increase the risk of bleeding. The nurse should instruct the parents to administer acetaminophen if the child experiences pain. Place knee pads on the child. MY ANSWER As toddlers grow and explore, it is important that parents of a child who has hemophilia take measures to make the environment safe. This can include measures such as installing carpeting over ceramic tiled floors or placing knee and elbow pads on the child to protect the child's joints from injury and bleeding. Perform passive range-of-motion exercises following an acute episode. The nurse should instruct the parents to allow the child to move their joints on their own as they can gauge at which point the pain increases. The parents should also avoid performing passive range-of-motion exercises for their child because this can increase the risk of bleeding in the joint. Use a firm-bristled toothbrush for dental care. The nurse should instruct the parents of the child to use a soft-bristled toothbrush when providing oral care to the toddler to avoid bleeding and minimize oral trauma. Soft foam oral swabs that are disposed of after use can also be used. 26. A nurse is planning care for a newly admitted child who has autism spectrum disorder. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan? Establish a reward system for the child. MY ANSWER Children, including those who have autism spectrum disorder, respond to positive reinforcement. Therefore, the nurse should establish a reward system with the child to help facilitate acceptable behavior. This helps to promote a therapeutic environment for the child. Limit parent visits with the child. Children who have autism spectrum disorder require consistency, including having access to their parent. The nurse should encourage the parents to spend as much time as possible with the child to decrease fear and anxiety, promoting a therapeutic environment for the child. Keep the door to the child's room open. Children who have autism spectrum disorder have difficulty with social interaction and experience increased anxiety with overstimulation. The nurse should provide a therapeutic environment by placing the child in a quiet environment and maintaining the door of the child's room closed whenever possible. Leave a television on during the night. Children who have autism spectrum disorder can become agitated and anxious when they are exposed to auditory and visual stimulation. The nurse should provide a therapeutic environment by limiting extraneous environmental stimuli such as a television or radio. Leaving these devices on during the night have the additional effect of decreasing rest during sleep. 27. A nurse is planning care for an infant who has respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and a respiratory rate of 46/min. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? Initiate contact precautions. MY ANSWER The nurse should initiate contact, droplet, and standard precautions for RSV because exposure to contaminated secretions can transmit the virus. RSV can live on objects for several hours and on hands for 30 min. Perform chest percussion and postural drainage. The nurse should perform periodic suctioning of the nose or nasopharynx to clear nasal secretions. Chest percussion and postural drainage are not routinely recommended for an infant who has RSV. Encourage clear liquids by mouth. The nurse should not encourage clear liquids by mouth because the infant has tachypnea. Oral fluids are contraindicated in the presence of tachypnea due to the risk for aspiration. Administer IV antibiotics. The nurse should not plan to administer IV antibiotics because RSV is a viral infection. Antibiotics might be prescribed if a secondary bacterial infection occurs. 28. A charge nurse on a pediatric unit is reviewing informed consent guidelines with a newly licensed nurse. For which of the following clients should the nurse obtain informed consent from a guardian? A 15-year-old client who requires an open reduction of a fracture. MY ANSWER The nurse should have the parent or guardian sign an informed consent prior to a surgical procedure for a minor. The universal consent for treatment does not cover surgical or invasive diagnostic procedures. A 6-month-old infant requiring IV antibiotics. The nurse should not have the parent or guardian sign an informed consent prior to administration of IV antibiotics to a 6-month-old infant, as the universal consent form covers medication administration. 14-year-old client seeking prenatal care. The nurse should not have the parent or guardian sign an informed consent prior to referring a 14-year-old client for prenatal care. An adolescent can legally give consent to healthcare needs related to contraception and pregnancy needs as well as treatment for sexually transmitted infections. A 5-year-old child requiring a chest x-ray. The nurse should not have the parent or guardian sign an informed consent prior to completion of a chest x-ray for a 5-year-old child, as the universal consent form covers noninvasive diagnostic tests. 29. A nurse on a pediatric unit is admitting a 5-year-old child who has a submersion injury and is awake and alert. The parent asks the nurse why the child needs to stay in the facility. Which of the following responses should the nurse make? "Your child needs mechanical ventilation." The nurse should not tell the parent the child needs mechanical ventilation, as the child is awake and alert. A child who is not breathing on their own or is experiencing respiratory distress requires mechanical ventilation. "We need to observe your child for cerebral swelling." MY ANSWER The nurse should inform the parents that the child needs observation because they still are at risk for a complication from the submersion injury. Complications can include respiratory compromise and cerebral edema during the first 24 hr after the submersion. "Your child needs to have an electroencephalogram." The nurse should not tell the parent that the child needs an electroencephalogram. This test is performed for a child who has seizures or to determine brain death in an unconscious child. "We need to perform an echocardiogram on your child." The nurse should not tell the parent the child needs to stay in the facility for an echocardiogram, which is a noninvasive measure of the electrical activity of the heart. 30. A nurse is caring for an infant who has pyloric stenosis and a new prescription for 0.9% sodium chloride with 10 mEq of potassium chloride. The infant is lethargic and has a potassium level of 3.5 mEq/L. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? Implement seizure precautions. The nurse should identify this potassium level as below the expected reference range of 4.1 to 5.3 mEq/L for infants. The nurse should monitor for cardiac abnormalities for an infant who has a potassium level outside the expected reference range. Lethargy, hyporeflexia, and fatigue are additional manifestation of hypokalemia. Offer the infant 15 mL of formula. The nurse should insert an NG tube to maintain gastric decompression prior to surgical correction of the stenosis. The nurse should keep the infant NPO. Check the infant's serum creatinine. MY ANSWER The nurse should check the infant's serum creatinine and BUN levels prior to and during the administration of IV potassium to ensure renal function is adequate and avoid the development of hyperkalemia should renal failure occur. The nurse also should closely monitor intake and output to ensure adequate urinary output prior to and during the administration of IV potassium. Administer sodium polystyrene. The nurse should identify this potassium level as below the expected reference range of 4.1 to 5.3 mEq/L for infants. Sodium polystyrene stimulates the body to excrete potassium through the large intestine and would worsen the infant's condition. 31. A nurse is planning care for a school-age child who is experiencing a vaso-occlusive crisis. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? Provide instructions to parents regarding immunizations. Immunizations are an important part of prevention of vaso-occlusive crisis. Sickling of the cells can occur as a result of an infection or dehydration resulting from illness. The nurse should emphasize the importance of receiving routine childhood immunizations such as measles and pertussis along with meningococcal, pneumococcal, and Hib vaccines to prevent infection. However, another action is the priority. Discuss the use of pain medication with the child. The nurse should discuss the use of analgesics with the child to manage pain associated with vaso-occlusive crisis. Controlling the child's pain is important to promote comfort. However, another action is the priority. Encourage the child to increase their fluid intake. MY ANSWER When using the airway, breathing, circulation approach to client care, the first action the nurse should take is to promote hydration through the use of oral and IV fluids. Hydration is important because it prevents further sickling of the cells and delays the hypoxia-ischemia cycle. Apply warm compresses to the child's joints. Warm compresses applied to the affected joints promotes comfort and prevents vasoconstriction, which could enhance sickling. The nurse should apply warm compresses. However, another action is the nurse's priority. 32. A nurse is reviewing the admission laboratory report of a school-age child who has glomerulonephritis. Which of the following laboratory results should the nurse expect to find? BUN 32 mg/dL The nurse should identify this finding as above the expected reference range of 5 to 18 mg/dL for a child. A child who has glomerulonephritis will have an elevated BUN because of the impaired glomerular filtration rate, which results in retention of urea in the blood. Absence of urine protein MY ANSWER The nurse should identify that the absence of urine protein as an expected finding in a child who does not have glomerulonephritis. A child who has glomerulonephritis will have proteinuria, which is an increase in urinary protein due to impaired glomerular filtration. Urine specific gravity 1.020 The nurse should identify this finding as within the expected reference range of 1.016 to 1.022 for a child who has normal fluid intake. An expected finding for a child who has glomerulonephritis would be an increased urine specific gravity. Potassium 3.3 mEq/L The nurse should identify this potassium level as below the expected reference range of 3.4 to 4.7 mEq/L for a child. A child who has glomerulonephritis will have a potassium level that is either increased or within the expected range. 33. A nurse is assessing a child who has heart failure. Which of the following clinical manifestations should the nurse expect? Warm extremities Heart failure involves an inability of the heart to pump effectively, limiting perfusion to major organs and the extremities. The nurse should expect a child who has heart failure to exhibit pale, cool extremities. Frequent headaches A child who has heart failure can exhibit neurologic manifestations, such as increased restlessness or irritability as a result of hypoxia and impaired cardiac function. However, frequent headaches are not an expected manifestation associated with heart failure. Distended neck veins MY ANSWER A child who has heart failure will exhibit manifestations of increased blood volume, such as distended neck veins. This occurs because of the secretion of the hormone ADH, which holds onto sodium and water in response to decreased cardiac output and renal perfusion. Weight loss A child who has heart failure will exhibit weight gain as a result of sodium and water retention. As the heart failure progresses, dependent and periorbital edema, ascites, and pulmonary effusions result. 34. A nurse is providing discharge teaching to the parent of a 5-year-old child who has leukemia and is receiving chemotherapy. Which of the following statements by the parent indicates an understanding of the teaching? "I will take my son's rectal temperature daily." The parent should not take the child's rectal temperature, as this can cause trauma to the rectal mucosa. Injury to the rectal mucosa can lead to bleeding or infection. "I will make sure to inspect my son's mouth every day for sores." MY ANSWER A child who has leukemia and is receiving chemotherapy is at increased risk for mucositis; Therefore, the parent should inspect the child's mouth daily for lesions or ulcerations and report these to the provider. Open lesions can easily become infected in the child who is immunocompromised. "I will make sure my son gets his MMR vaccine this week." A child who has leukemia and is receiving chemotherapy will have a compromised immune system and should not receive live vaccines such as MMR. Live vaccines, if administered to an individual who is immunocompromised, can result in a vaccine-induced illness. This occurs when a vaccine causes the illness it is meant to prevent. "I will ensure my son exercises a little each day by riding his bicycle." A child who has leukemia and is receiving chemotherapy is at risk for thrombocytopenia. The child should avoid activities that can cause bleeding or injury (riding bicycles, skateboarding, and contact sports). 35. A nurse in an emergency department is caring for a child who is experiencing an acute asthma attack. Which of the following findings is the priority for the nurse to report to the provider? Expiratory wheeze MY ANSWER An expiratory wheeze is an expected finding for a child who is experiencing an asthma attack and should be reported to the provider to allow for effective treatment. However, there is another finding that is the nurse's priority to report to the provider. Heart rate 100/min A heart rate of 100/min is an expected finding for a child who is experiencing an asthma attack and should be reported to the provider to allow for effective treatment. However, there is another finding that is the nurse's priority to report to the provider. Profuse sweating Profuse sweating indicates that this child is at risk for severe respiratory distress as a result of status asthmaticus and requires immediate intervention. This is the priority for the nurse to report to the provider. Other manifestations that should be reported immediately include nasal flaring, distended neck veins, and tachypnea. The nurse should remain with the child to provide support and intervention if intubation becomes necessary. Oxygen saturation 94% An oxygen saturation of 94% indicates the child is experiencing asthma manifestations on a moderate level of severity. This finding should be reported to the provider to allow for effective treatment; .However, there is another finding that is the nurse's priority. 36. A nurse is planning to obtain a rectal temperature from a toddler. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? Insert the tip of the thermometer 5 cm (2 in) into the rectum. MY ANSWER The nurse should insert the tip of the thermometer no more than 2.5 cm (1 in) into the child's rectum to prevent injury. Place the child in prone position. The nurse should place the child in a side-lying, supine, or prone position to obtain a rectal temperature. Stabilize the thermometer at the distal end. The nurse should stabilize the thermometer close to the child's rectum to prevent injury. Direct the tip of the thermometer toward the spine during insertion. The nurse should direct the tip of the probe toward the umbilicus during insertion because this is the direction of the rectum. Pointing the tip of the thermometer toward the spine can increase the risk of rectal perforation. 37. A nurse is planning a community education series for teachers of children who have attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Which of the following classroom strategies should the nurse include in the teaching? Accompany verbal instructions with visual references. The nurse should instruct the teachers to use visual references along with verbal instructions for children who have ADHD. Using both verbal and written instruction provides clear communication of expectations for the children. Vary the classroom routine to keep the children interested. The nurse should not instruct the teachers to vary their classroom routine to maintain the interest of children who have ADHD. Children who have ADHD require a consistent environment that is predictable to assist with focus and the ability to complete expected tasks. Limit presentation of subjects of interest to the children to the afternoons. The nurse should encourage the teachers to alternate topics of high interest to the children with topics of less interest. This will help to retain the attention of the children. Increase classroom assignments to stimulate learning. MY ANSWER The nurse should not instruct the teachers to increase classroom assignments for children who have ADHD. Teachers might need to decrease classroom assignments to allow the children time to complete the work. 38. A nurse is assessing a 4-year-old child who is 2 days postoperative following insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Which of the following findings is the nurse's priority? Urine output of 50 mL in 2 hr The nurse should monitor urine output of the child because a low urine output can be an indication of decreased renal perfusion, renal injury, or dehydration. However, a urine output of 50 mL in 2 hr is nonurgent because it is an expected finding for a 4-year-old child. There is another finding that is the priority. Lethargy MY ANSWER When using the urgent vs. nonurgent approach to client care, the nurse should determine that the priority finding is lethargy. This can indicate a decreased level of consciousness or increased intracranial pressure, both of which requires immediate intervention. Lethargy is the priority finding. Respiratory rate 24/min The nurse should monitor the child's respiratory rate following a surgical procedure. Increased respirations can be an indication of a postoperative complication such as pneumonia. Decreased respirations can indicate over sedation or a neurologic problem. However, a respiratory rate of 24/min is nonurgent because it is an expected finding for a 4-year-old child. There is another finding that is the priority. Absent Babinski reflex The nurse should perform neurological examinations of the child following placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt to identify potential increases in intracranial pressure. However, an absent Babinski reflex is nonurgent because it is an expected finding for a 4-year-old child. There is another finding that is the priority. 39. A nurse is planning care for a child who is postoperative following a below-the-knee amputation. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? Elevate the child's residual limb for 48 hr. The nurse should plan to elevate the child's residual limb for the first 24 hr following surgery. Elevating the leg longer than 24 hr can cause hip contractures and lead to difficulties with future ambulation. Apply a loose-fitting bandage onto the child's residual limb. The nurse should plan to apply an elastic bandage in a figure-eight pattern to apply pressure to the residual limb. A pressure dressing that controls edema also decreases the likelihood of hemorrhage and assists in contouring the residual limb for future prosthetic placement. Perform active and isotonic range-of-motion exercises. MY ANSWER The nurse should plan to perform both active and isotonic range-of-motion exercises of the joints above the amputation site several times per day. This will maintain joint mobility, which is necessary for future ambulation. Clean the incision using half-strength hydrogen peroxide every 8 hr. The nurse should not plan to clean the incision with half-strength hydrogen peroxide, as this can irritate the tissue. The nurse should clean the incision with soap and water each day while assessing the limb for manifestations of infection or skin breakdown. 40. A nurse in an emergency department is caring for a child who has ingested kerosene. The child is lethargic, grunting, and gagging. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? Initiate chelation therapy. The nurse should not initiate chelation therapy for a child who has ingested kerosene. Chelation therapy removes iron from circulating blood and is not useful for the treatment of hydrocarbon ingestion. Prepare for intubation with a cuffed endotracheal tube. The nurse should anticipate that the child will require intubation with a cuffed endotracheal tube because of the high risk of aspiration. This child is at risk for aspiration because they are lethargic, grunting, and gagging. Inject deferoxamine subcutaneously. Deferoxamine is an antidote used in the treatment of iron toxicity. It is not used in the treatment of hydrocarbon ingestion. Administer activated charcoal. MY ANSWER The nurse should administer activated charcoal to treat a child who has ingested excess aspirin. FLAG A nurse is creating a plan of care for a school-age child who is postoperative following a tonsillectomy. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include? Instruct the child to gargle using salt water every 4 hr. MY ANSWER The nurse should identify that gargling is contraindicated in children who are postoperative following a tonsillectomy. Gargling increases the risk for bleeding and should be avoided. Give the child fluids using a straw. The nurse should avoid giving the child a straw to drink fluids from because straws can damage the surgical site and cause bleeding. Ask the child to take deep breaths and cough every 30 min. Although the nurse should encourage deep breathing postoperatively to prevent atelectasis, the child should avoid coughing, blowing their nose, clearing their throat, or any activities that could cause bleeding. Apply an ice collar to the child's neck. The nurse should apply an ice collar to the child's neck to promote comfort and minimize swelling. The nurse also should administer prescribed analgesics to the child around the clock to minimize pain. A nurse is teaching a female adolescent who reports frequent urinary tract infections. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? Wipe from back to front after voiding. The nurse should instruct the adolescent to wipe from front to back after voiding to prevent the transfer of micro-organisms from the rectal area to the urethra. Wear nylon underwear. The nurse should instruct the adolescent to wear cotton underwear to minimize perineal irritation. Cotton also allows air to flow to the urethral meatus, limiting the growth of bacteria. Void at least every 3 to 4 hr. MY ANSWER The nurse should instruct the adolescent to urinate as soon as they feel the urge and to avoid waiting to void. Urinary stasis increases the risk for infection. Reduce dietary intake of fiber. The nurse should not instruct the adolescent to reduce their intake of fiber. The adolescent should increase their intake of fiber and fluids to prevent constipation, which can increase the risk for urinary tract infection. 43.A nurse is teaching about injury prevention to the parent of a toddler. Which of the following safety measures should the nurse include in the teaching? Place a throw rug under the crib. The nurse should instruct the parent to place a throw rug under the crib because the toddler can fall out of the crib. The nurse should also instruct the parent to move the toddler to a youth bed when they are able to climb out of the crib. Select a toy box with a lid that locks in the closed position. MY ANSWER The nurse should instruct the parent to select a toy box without a lid or with a lid that locks securely in the open position. A toy box with a lid that locks in the closed position places the toddler at risk for injury or suffocation if entrapment occurs. Offer popcorn as a snack food. The nurse should instruct the parent not to offer popcorn as a snack food, because they are a choking hazard. If the toddler does not chew the popcorn completely, it can occlude their airway. Set the water heater temperature to 54.4° C (130° F). The nurse should instruct the parent to set the temperature on the hot water heater between 49° to 51.6° C (120° to 125° F) to prevent scalding of the toddler. 44. A nurse in an emergency department is assessing a 5-year-old child who has a concussion. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse identify as an early indication of increased intracranial pressure? Nausea The nurse should identify that nausea is an early finding of increased intracranial pressure in a child. Papilledema The nurse should identify that papilledema is a late finding of increased intracranial pressure in a child. Dilated pupils The nurse should identify that dilated pupils along with a decreased pupillary response are late findings of increased intracranial pressure in a child. Bradycardia MY ANSWER The nurse should identify that bradycardia is a late finding of increased intracranial pressure in a child. FLAG A nurse is preparing to obtain a blood sample for an Hgb from a child who has hemophilia. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? Apply a transparent dressing to the site after the venipuncture. MY ANSWER The nurse should hold pressure or place a pressure dressing on the venipuncture site after obtaining the blood sample. The removal of a transparent dressing can cause increased trauma to a child who has hemophilia. Apply a cold compress to the site prior to obtaining the sample. The nurse should not apply a cold compress to the extremity prior to obtaining the blood sample, because this will cause vasoconstriction, making it more difficult to obtain the blood sample. The use of a lidocaine or prilocaine cream provides topical anesthetic and can be used to minimize the discomfort of the procedure. Perform an Allen test prior to obtaining the blood sample. An Allen test is a procedure used to assess arterial circulation prior to obtaining arterial blood samples. An Hgb requires venous blood sampling. Obtain the sample using venipuncture. The nurse should obtain the blood sample by venipuncture because this method allows for less bleeding than a finger puncture. 47. A nurse is caring for a child who has terminal leukemia. The parents ask the nurse, "When will we know that our child is nearing the end of their life?" Which of the following statements should the nurse make? "Your child's skin will appear flushed." The nurse should inform the parents that their child will have pale skin near the end of their life. The skin is cool to the touch and might appear grayish-blue as death nears. Mottling might occur in the extremities and move toward the body core because of a decrease in cardiac output and perfusion to the extremities. "Your child will lose movement in their legs." MY ANSWER The nurse should inform the parents that their child will lose movement of the lower extremities. This progressive loss of movement will move up the body as death nears. "Your child will first lose the ability to hear." The nurse should inform the parents that the sense of hearing is the last sense to fail as death nears. Loss of sensation develops before hearing loss, and the child might become more sensitive to light. "Your child's blood pressure will start to increase." The nurse should inform the parents that their child will experience decreased cardiac output, leading to a drop in blood pressure and decreased pulses. 48. A nurse is planning care for an adolescent client who has sickle cell anemia and is experiencing a vaso-occlusive crisis. Which of the following interventions is the nurse's priority? Applying heat to the affected areas MY ANSWER The nurse should apply heat to the affected areas to increase circulation and decrease pain. However, another action is the priority. Administering prophylactic antibiotics The nurse should administer prophylactic antibiotics to prevent bacterial infection because the adolescent's body has a decreased ability to fight infection. However, another action is the priority. Administering the pneumococcal vaccine The nurse should administer the pneumococcal vaccine to reduce the risk of infection, which can exacerbate vaso-occlusive crisis. However, another action is the priority. Promoting bed rest The first action the nurse should take when using the airway, breathing, circulation approach to client care is to increase tissue oxygenation. An adolescent who has sickle cell anemia and is experiencing a vaso-occlusive crisis has a higher requirement for cellular oxygenation. Therefore, the nurse should reduce the client's metabolic demands for oxygen and limit cardiac oxygen consumption by encouraging rest. FLAG A nurse is teaching an adolescent how to use a peak expiratory flow meter (PEFM). The nurse should identify that which of the following statements by the child indicates an understanding of the teaching? "I will breathe in through the mouthpiece, hold my breath for 5 seconds, and then exhale." Breathing in through the mouthpiece and holding the breath for 5 seconds is an incorrect method of using the PEFM. The correct method of using the PEFM is to forcefully exhale for 1 second as quickly as possible to measure the amount of air exhaled. "If I get a reading in the green zone, I will tell my parents right away so they can call the doctor." Values in the green zone represent 80% to 100% of the child's personal best. This indicates that asthma is under good control and does not warrant calling the provider. "I will slowly exhale through the mouthpiece over a 10-second interval." Slowly exhaling through the mouthpiece over a 10-second interval is an incorrect method of using the PEFM. The correct method of using the PEFM is to forcefully exhale for 1 second as quickly as possible to measure the amount of air exhaled. "I will record the highest reading of the three attempts." MY ANSWER The child should forcefully exhale for 1 second as quickly as possible to measure the amount of air exhaled and repeat this process three times. The child should wait 30 seconds between attempts and record the highest of the three readings. FLAG A nurse is assessing a 2-year-old child following a surgical procedure. Which of the following pain tools should the nurse use? Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale MY ANSWER The nurse should use the FLACC scale to assess the toddler's pain level. The FLACC scale is used for infants and children from 2 months to 7 years. Oucher scale The nurse should not use the Oucher scale to assess pain in a toddler. The Oucher scale is used for children aged 3-13 years. and requires the child to point to each section on the scale to describe variations in pain intensity or to point to a picture and describe variations in pain. FACES scale The nurse should not use the FACES pain rating scale to assess pain in a toddler. The FACES scale is used for children aged 3 years and older and requires the child to identify pain by pointing to a face that represents the level of pain the child is experiencing. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) The nurse should not use the VAS pain scale to assess pain in a toddler. The VAS scale is used for children older than 4.5 years old and requires the child to understand the concept of less pain to more pain and the ability to make a written mark on a pain scale that represents the level of pain the child is experiencing. FLAG A nurse is providing nutritional teaching to the parents of a child who has acute glomerulonephritis with pitting edema. Which of the following foods should the nurse recommend be eliminated from the child's diet? Hot dogs MY ANSWER Acute glomerulonephritis is a renal disorder resulting in edema, hypertension, hematuria, and proteinuria. If required, dietary changes require limitation of foods that are high in sodium because of the edema and hypertension. The nurse should recommend the elimination of hot dogs, or other processed meats that are high in sodium, from the child's diet. Canned mixed fruit The nurse should identify that canned mixed fruit is very low in sodium and is permissible for a child who has acute glomerulonephritis. Steamed green beans The nurse should identify that steamed green beans are very low in sodium and are permissible for a child who has acute glomerulonephritis. Beans are also an excellent source of complex carbohydrates, which are recommended for this client. Whole wheat macaroni The nurse should identify that whole wheat macaroni is very low in sodium and is permissible for a child who has acute glomerulonephritis. In addition, whole wheat macaroni is an excellent source of complex carbohydrates, which are recommended for this child. FLAG A nurse is providing teaching about home safety to the parents of an infant. Which of the following statements should the nurse make? "Use a hot-mist vaporizer to manage congestion." The nurse should instruct the parents to use a cool-mist vaporizer to avoid the risk of burns. Additionally, the nurse should instruct the parents to ensure the infant cannot reach the vaporizer to avoid injury. "Place your infant on a firm mattress for sleeping." MY ANSWER The nurse should instruct the parents to place the infant in a supine position on a firm mattress for sleeping. This decreases the risk for suffocation. "Set your water heater temperature to 130 degrees Fahrenheit." The nurse should instruct the parents to set the water heater temperature to 49° C (120° F) to reduce the risk for burns to the infant. "Begin using a wheeled walker when your infant is 9 months old.” The nurse should instruct the parents to use a stationary walker, instead of one with wheels, to avoid the risk for falls and injury to the infant. FLAG A nurse in a pediatric clinic is providing teaching to the parent of an infant who has gastroesophageal reflux (GER). The nurse should identify that which of the following statements by the parent indicates an understanding of the teaching? "I will give lansoprazole 30 minutes after her feeding." The mother should give lansoprazole to her infant 30 min before feeding. Administering lansoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, 30 min prior to meals ensures the peak plasma concentration of the medication occurs during mealtimes. This medication reduces gastric hydrochloric acid secretion and can stimulate an increase in lower esophageal sphincter tone, which can prevent reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. "I will lay my baby on her side after feedings." MY ANSWER The parent should not lay their infant down following a feeding, as this position will worsen gastroesophageal reflux. The parent should place the infant upright in an infant seat or raise the head of the bed 30° for 1 hr following feedings. "I will add rice cereal to my baby's feedings." The mother can add rice cereal to formula or expressed breast milk to thicken the feedings. Thickened feedings can decrease the number of vomiting episodes the infant experiences. "I will use a nipple that has a wide base to feed her." The parent should create a larger hole within the nipple to help the infant suck more easily. A wide-based nipple is used for feeding infants who have a cleft lip. FLAG A nurse is providing pre-procedure teaching to the parents of a preschooler who has nephrotic syndrome and is scheduled for a percutaneous renal biopsy. Which of the following statements should the nurse include? "Your child can eat and drink up to 2 hours prior to the test." In the event that bleeding or accidental perforation of an abdominal organ occurs, the child will need to be taken to surgery. The NPO status will decrease the risk of aspiration if surgery is necessary. "Your child will need to be on bed rest for 6 hours following the test." The nurse should instruct the parents that the child will need to be on bed rest for 24 hr following the test. The activity restriction is necessary to prevent bleeding following the procedure. "Your child will have a pressure dressing on the biopsy site following the test." MY ANSWER The nurse should instruct the parents that the child will have a pressure dressing on the site of the biopsy following the test to minimize bleeding. The nurse also might use a sandbag to maintain pressure to the puncture site. "Your child will receive contrast dye via an IV during the test." The nurse should instruct the parents that the child may receive oral pre-procedure medication for sedation for a renal biopsy. However, contrast dye is not used for this diagnostic test. FLAG A nurse is caring for a toddler who is experiencing hyperglycemia. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse expect? Shallow respirations The nurse should not expect the toddler to have shallow respirations, as this is a manifestation of hypoglycemia. A toddler who is experiencing hyperglycemia exhibits deep, rapid (Kussmaul) respirations. Moist mucous membranes The nurse should not expect the toddler to have moist mucous membranes. A toddler who is experiencing hyperglycemia exhibits dry mucous membranes. Skin pallor The nurse should not expect the toddler to have skin pallor, as this is a manifestation of hypoglycemia. A toddler who is experiencing hyperglycemia exhibits flushed skin and might have signs of dehydration. Lethargic mood MY ANSWER The nurse should expect the toddler to be lethargic. A toddler who is experiencing hypoglycemia will be irritable and have a labile mood. FLAG A nurse is providing discharge teaching to the parent of a school-age child who has juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The nurse should identify that which of the following responses by the parent indicates an understanding of the teaching? "I will ensure that my child takes a 1 hour nap each day." A child who has JIA should be discouraged from sleeping during the day because it can cause joint stiffness and interfere with nighttime sleep. The child should instead rest daily with activities such as reading, watching television, and listening to music. "I will give my child prednisone as needed for pain." Prednisone is a glucocorticoid that acts as an anti-inflammatory agent and is given on a scheduled basis during exacerbations. "I will apply cool compresses to my child's painful joints during exacerbations." MY ANSWER The parent should apply moist heat, rather than cool compresses, to relieve pain and stiffness in affected joints. Having the child soak in a bathtub of warm water is an effective strategy for relieving pain and stiffness in multiple joints. "I will have my child wear splints during the night." The parent should have the child wear splints during the night to prevent joint deformities and reduce and minimize pain from inactivity. FLAG A nurse is caring for a 6-month-old infant who has acute vomiting and diarrhea. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse identify as an indication of moderate dehydration? Capillary refill greater than 4 seconds The nurse should identify that a capillary refill time of greater than 4 seconds indicates severe dehydration. An infant experiencing moderate dehydration will exhibit a capillary refill time of 2 to 4 seconds. Bradycardia The nurse should identify that bradycardia is not a manifestation of dehydration. An infant experiencing dehydration will exhibit a heart rate that is either within or above the expected range, depending upon the severity of fluid loss. Tachypnea The nurse should identify that tachypnea is a manifestation of moderate dehydration. As dehydration worsens, breathing becomes hyperpneic. Lethargy MY ANSWER The nurse should identify that an infant who is lethargic has severe dehydration. An infant experiencing moderate dehydration will exhibit increased irritability. A nurse is providing teaching about food choices to the parent of a school-age child who has celiac disease. Which of the following statements by the parent indicates an understanding of the teaching? "I can offer popcorn as a snack food." MY ANSWER A child who has celiac disease has an inability to digest glutens found in grains, such as wheat, barley, rye and oats. Corn is an acceptable substitute grain and is gluten-free. Therefore, popcorn is an appropriate food for the parent to offer the child as a snack. "I will make sandwiches on rye bread." Gluten is present in many baked goods, such as rye bread. Consumption of grains containing gluten can result in steatorrhea, abdominal distention, and failure to thrive including nutrient deficiencies. The nurse should instruct the parent not to make sandwiches with rye bread because rye contains gluten. "I will purchase graham crackers to pack in their lunchbox." The nurse should instruct the parent not to pack graham crackers in the child's lunchbox, because graham crackers contain wheat flour. Therefore, they are not gluten-free. "I can make beef barley soup for dinner." The nurse should instruct the parent not to make beef barley soup for dinner because barley contains gluten. A nurse is caring for an infant who has returned to the pediatric unit following surgical repair of a cleft lip. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? Monitor temporal artery temperature. The nurse should check the infant's temperature by scanning the temporal artery to monitor for manifestations of infection. Other manifestations of infection the nurse should monitor for include: redness, warmth, and drainage from the incision site. Restrain the infant's wrists. MY ANSWER The nurse should place elbow restraints on the infant to prevent disruption of the suture line. Place the infant in a prone position. The nurse should position the infant in an upright or lateral position to facilitate drainage of secretions and prevent aspiration. The infant could disrupt the suture line if placed in a prone position. Gently clean the suture line with povidone-iodine solution. The nurse should gently clean the suture line on the lip with sterile saline or sterile water after each feeding and as needed. A nurse is providing nutritional teaching to the parents of a 2-year-old child. Which of the following statements by the parent indicates an understanding of the teaching? "My child should have 4 ounces of protein per day." A toddler who is 2 years old should consume 2 oz of protein daily. The nurse should instruct the parents to follow recommendations for dietary guidelines from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2015-2020) to achieve adequate caloric and nutrient needs. "I should feed my child 1 cup of vegetables per day." MY ANSWER A toddler who is 2 years old should have 1 cup (8 oz) of vegetables per day. A variety of vegetables should be introduced to the toddler. The nurse should instruct the parents to follow recommendations for dietary guidelines from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2015-2020) to achieve adequate caloric and nutrient needs. "I should give my child 6 cups of milk a day." A toddler who is 2 years old should have no more than 24 to 30 oz of milk per day to prevent iron deficiency anemia. This occurs in the toddler who consumes large amounts of dairy and then fails to consume adequate amounts of iron-containing proteins. To enhance growth of the toddler's brain and body, whole milk products are recommended instead of low-fat or fat-free varieties. "My child should consume 800 calories per day." A toddler who is 2 years old should consume approximately 1,000 to 1,400 calories daily, divided into three meals and two or three snacks. The nurse should instruct the parents to follow recommendations for dietary guidelines from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2015-2020) in order to achieve adequate caloric and nutrient needs.