MIDTERM bios 256 complete study guide

absorption begins in small intestine, passage of digested nutrients into blood or lymph absorptive stage glucose is readily available, cells produce ATP, glucose is converted to glycogen, dietary lipids stored in a ...

absorption begins in small intestine, passage of digested nutrients into blood or lymph absorptive stage glucose is readily available, cells produce ATP, glucose is converted to glycogen, dietary lipids stored in adipose tissue, insulin secreted. storage of energy is the key. accessory organs teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas acidity of urine 4.6-8, typical is 6. ADH increase in the osmolarity of extracellular fluid (high salt diet), stimulates insertion of water channel proteins into apical membranes of principal cells aerobic oxygen plentiful Aldosterone increased angiotensis II level and increased level of plasma K+ promote aldosterone by adrenal cortex (sodium, potassium trying to get into club) alimentary canal contains esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum anabolism building up, liver angiotensin constricts afferent and efferent arterioles, causes decreased blood pressure and volume ANP stretching of atria of heart stimulates ANP secretion, blood volume increases (suppressed reabsorption of Na+ and water in proximal tubule) autonomic nervous system parasympathetic: increase digestive activity sympathetic: decrease certain digestive activities beriberi loss of appetite and overall lassitude, digestive irregularities, and a feeling of numbness and weakness in the limbs and extremities bicuspids/premolars crush, mash and grind food bladder can hold up to 700-800 mL. BMR measure of how much thyroxine the thyroid gland is producing, measured with body in quiet, resting and fasting state. bowman's capsule visceral and parietal layers, brunner's glands secrete alkaline mucus, found in the duodenum. Calorie equal to 1000 calories calorie amount of heat energy required to raise temperature of 1 gram of water from 140C to 150C. canine teeth tearing/slashing food carbohydrates monosaccharides, digestion occurs in the mouth catabolism breaking down, mouth stomach and duodenum celiac disease ingestion of gluten injures small intestine Cellular Respiration oxidation of glucose to produce ATP (4 sets are involved) chemical digestion water added to break chemical bonds, fats carbs and proteins Chemoiosmosis movement of H+ across mitochondrial membrane down electrochemical gradient chief cells secretes pepsinogen, and gastric lipase. cholecystokinin stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes causes ejection of bile from gallbladder and opening of sphincter chylomicrons transport dietary lipids in blood to fats chyme the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food. cirrhosis causes portal hypertension, rupture due to increased fluid, the fluid moves to peritoneal cavity, and decreased absorption of nutrients in small intestine color of urine typically yellow-amber but varies according to recent diet and concentration of urine cortical neprons 80-85% of nephrons, short loops of henle extend only into outer region of medulla countercurrent multiplication he process of using energy to generate an osmotic gradient that enables you to reabsorb water from the tubular fluid and produce concentrated urine. deglutition swallowing density of normal urine 0.001 to 0.035 dialysis hemo and peritoneal, duodenum breakdown of food in small intestine electrolytes absorbed into blood, absorbed by the large intestine. Electron Transport Chain mitochondria, series of electron carriers, oxygen is final electron acceptor, produces H2O +28 ATP, heat. Energy transfer phosphate group added to ADP along with energy to form ATP enteric nervous system/local mechanism respond to changes in pH or chemical stimuli, has submucosal and myenteric plexus enteroendocrine cell also known as g cells, secrete gastrin enterokinase trypsinogen, trypsin enuresis involuntary urination esophagus propulsion, moves food into stomach