University of the People SOC 1502 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY. All Possible Final Exam Q&A in 415 Pages.

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what does a functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupt Wall street movement? how the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, con... trolled outlet for dissension. What is the largest difference between the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives and the Interactionist perspective? the first two perspectives address large scale issues facing groups, while the last examine more detailed aspects. What role do secondary groups play in society? they are transactional, task-based, and short term, filling practical needs. When a high school student gets teased by her basketball team for recivieing an academic award, she is dealing with competing _______. reference groups Which of the following is not an example of an in-group? a high school what is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior? reference group a parent who is worrying over her teenager's dangerous and self-destructuve behavior and low self-esteem may wish to look at her child's: reference group, in group, out group. (all of the above) two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a __________. dyad; triad Who is more likely to be an expressive leader? the director of a summer camp for chronically ill children Which of the following is not an appropriate group for democratic leadership? a fire station in Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming? a very small group of witnesses, the presences of an ally, the ability to keep one's answer private (all of the above) Which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down? authoritarian Which is not an example of a normative organization? a study hall Which of these is an example of a total institution? JailWhy do people join utilitatian organizations? because they receive a tangible benefit for joining Which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucratic? coercion to join What are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies? increased productivity, increased efficiency, equal treatment for all (All of the above) What is an advantage of the McDonaldization of society? there is more worldwide availability of goods. What is a disadvantage of the McDonaldization of society? there is less variety of goods. aggregate a collection of people who live in the same place at the same time, but who don't interact or share a sense of identity authoritarian leader a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks bureaucracies formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality. category people who share similar interests but are not connected in any way clear division of labor refers to the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a special task to perform coercive organizations organization that people don't voluntarily join, such as a prison or mental hospital conformity the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms democratic leader a leader who encourages group participation and consensus building before moving into action dyad a two member group explicit rules the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized expressive function a group function that serves as an emotional need expressive leader a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone's wellbeing formal organizations large, impersonal organizations generalizability the amount that information from a specific example can be generalized to apply to the overall population groupany collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity hierarchy of authority a clear chain of command in a bureaucracy Iron Rule of Oligarchy the idea that an organization is ruled by a small group of elites rather than by collaboration impersonality the removal of a person's feelings from a professional situation in-group a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity instrumental function being oriented toward a task or goal instrumental leader a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks laissez-faire leader a hands off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions leadership style the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members McDonaldization the increasing presence of fast food business model in common social institutions meritocracy a bureaucracy where membership and advancement are based on merit-proven and documented skills normative or voluntary organizations organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards out-group a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with primary groups small, informal groups of people who are closest to us reference groups groups to which an individual compares herself secondary groups larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited total institution an organization in which individuals live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs triad a three member group utilitarian organizations organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need The terms _________________ and ______________ are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiate them. a. imperialism and relativism b. culture and societyc. society and ethnocentrism d. ethnocentrism and xenocentrism B. culture and society The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom? a. Symbols b. Language c. Material culture d. Nonmaterial culture D. Nonmaterial culture The belief that one's culture is inferior to another culture is called: C. xenocentrism Rodney and Elise are American students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of: a. culture shock b. imperialism c. ethnocentrism d. xenocentrism A. culture shock Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of: a. relativism b. ethnocentrism c. xenocentrism d. universalism D. universalism A nation's flag is: a. A symbol b. A value c. A culture d. A folkway A. a symbol The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform ___________, otherwise known as a way to encourage social conformity. a. values b. sanctions c. social control d. mores C. social controlThe biggest difference between mores and folkways is that a. mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture b. mores are absolute, whereas folkways are temporary c. mores refer to material culture, whereas folkways refer to nonmaterial culture d. mores refer to nonmaterial culture, whereas folkways refer to material culture A. mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture The notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by: B. Sapir-Whorf Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society: a. Establishes leaders b. Determines language c. Regulates behavior d. Determines laws C. regulates behavior An example of high culture is ___________, whereas an example of popular culture would be ____________. A. Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture? A. counterculture Modern-day hipsters are an example of: C. subculture Your 83-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send e-mails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every email to respond point by point, but she has never e-mailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of: a. cultural lag b. innovation c. ethnocentricity d. xenophobia A. cultural lag Some jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to: D. globalizationThe major difference between invention and discovery is: B. Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the world is an example of: a. globalization b. diffusion c. culture lag d. xenocentrism B. diffusion A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the American education system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using? a. Symbolic interactionism b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism C. conflict theory The Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011 grew to be an international movement. Supporters believe that the economic disparity between the highest economic class and the mid to lower economic classes is growing at an exponentially alarming rate. A sociologist who studies that movement by examining the interactions between members at Occupy camps would most likely use what theoretical approach? a. Symbolic interactionism b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism A. symbolic interactionism What theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts? a. Sociobiology b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism B. functionalism The "American Dream"—the notion that anybody can be successful and rich if they work hard enough—is most commonly associated with which sociological theory? C. conflict theory Define out-group in your own words.a groups to which an individual compares herself b larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited c a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with d small, informal groups of people who are closest to us C Which of the following is not an example of an in-group? a the Ku Klux Klan b a fraternity c a synagogue d a high school D Which of the following is not an example of a secondary group to which a person might belong? a: A college lecture course with 300 students. b: A planning committee for an office fundraiser. c: A group of friends who have known each other for 20 years and who socialize daily. d: A crew working on the construction of an office building. C Define authoritarian leader in your own words. a a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks b a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone's emotional wellbeing c a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks d a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action C Define dyad in your own words. a A four-member group bsmall, informal groups of people who are closest to us c a three-member group d a two-member group D Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _________. a primary group, secondary group b dyad, triad c couple, family d de facto group, nuclear family B Define meritocracy in your own words. a the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration b a group function that serves an emotional need c A system of consistency in social status d a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills D Which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucracies? a coercion to join b hierarchy of authority c explicit rules d division of labor A What are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies? a increased productivity b increased efficiencyc written rules and documentation d all of the above D Which of the following is true regarding U.S. socialization of recent high school graduates? a They are expected to take a year "off" before college. b They are required to serve in the military for one year. c They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation. d They are required to move away from their parents. C Define empirical evidence in your own words. a evidence that comes from direct experience, scientifically gathered data, or experimentation b Evidence that involves observing a complete social setting and all that it entails c Evidence that involves applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand d Evidence that involves testing of a hypothesis under controlled conditions A Define culture in your own words. a the organized and generalized attitude of a social group b the behavior of wealthy members of a social group c a group's shared practices, values, and beliefs d the social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion C Define formal sanctions in your own words. a sanctions that occur within intimate groupsb sanctions given out by corporations c sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced d positive responses to the following of societies norms C During the Civil Rights Movement a Black woman named Rosa Parks broke a social norm by refusing to give up her seat to a White man. This exemplifies ________. a an act of social control b an act of deviance c a social norm d criminal mores B Protestors during the Vietnam War era staged non-violent "sit in" protests that involved occupying strategic public locations to draw attention to their opinions. Protests like these are considered ________: a acts of deviance b positive sanctions c social order d social control A A student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in five minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds down the road, where she is pulled over by a police officer. The student explains that she is running late, and the officer lets her off with a warning. The student's actions are an example of _________. a primary deviance b positive deviance c secondary deviance d master deviance AWhich sociological theory examines the ascribing of deviant behavior to another person by members of society? a cultural deviance b social disorganization c strain d labeling D Define control theory in your own words. a a theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime b a theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society c a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance d a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance B Which part of the United States criminal justice system is charged with supervising individuals who have been arrested, convicted, and sentenced for committing a criminal offense? a police b courts c corrections d security C Which of the following statements about police is false? a The United States has a national police force. b Federal law enforcement officers are employed by agencies like the Federal Bureau ofInvestigations and the Department of Homeland Security. c State police have the authority to enforce statewide laws. d A county police officer may work at the local jail. A Define violent crimes in your own words. a crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces b crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force c crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment d crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force B The Lee family owned a local bakery for four generations in a small town in Colorado. In recent years, a large grocery store chain has expanded its bakery offerings, and a big box store, which also offers many baked goods, has opened a new store on the other side of town. The Lee family has seen such a decrease in business that they have decided to close their business. What phenomenon does this describe? a the McDonaldization of society b total institution c Iron Rule of Oligarchy d coercive organizations A A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the U.S. education system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using? a symbolic interactionism b functionalism c conflict theory d ethnocentrismC Which of the following statements describes the role of age-related transition points in social development? a As people age, they encounter age-related transition points that require socialization into new roles. Some examples of these points include going to school, entering the workforce, and entering retirement. b Age-related transition points refer to the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identities as they are given new ones. c Age-related transition points refer to the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned to replace them. d all of the above A Define class in your own words. a a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation b a group who shares common social attributes such as race, age and sex c a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives d customs and behaviors that cannot be changed, they are ascribed at birth A Define class system in your own words. a a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives b a system in which people have no desire to change their social standing c social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments d a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation C What factor makes caste systems closed? aThey are run by secretive governments. b People cannot change their social standings. c Most have been outlawed. d They exist only in rural areas. B Occupational prestige means that jobs are: a all equal in status b not equally valued c assigned to a person for life d not part of a person's self-identity B The increasing importance of computer technology in the workplace has meant that earnings for computer technicians have increased dramatically in recent years. This has meant that those working in the field have moved up the class ladder in society. What type of mobility does this describe? a intergenerational mobility b intragenerational mobility c downward mobility d structural mobility D Define structural mobility in your own words. a an individual moves up the class ladder b an individual moves down the class ladder c a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes d a member of a family belongs to a different class than his or her siblings C The GNI PPP figure represents:a a country's total accumulated wealth b annual government spending c the average annual income of a country's citizens d a country's debt C Which of the following does not describe a model for understanding global stratification? a A model that uses the labels first world, second world, and third world to refer to the stratification of different countries in the world. b A model that divides people into social classes based on groups that share common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation. c A model that separates countries based on whether they are "more developed", with more wealth to distribute or "less developed", with less wealth to distribute among higher populations. d A model that is based on per capita gross domestic product, or average wealth per person, which classifies countries by establishing them as low-income, middle-income, or high-income compared to the global average. B Social stratification is a system that: a ranks society members into categories b destroys competition between society members c allows society members to choose their social standing d reflects personal choices of society members A Define conspicuous consumption in your own words. a the act of saving money and being "thrifty" b the act of buying and using products for day to day survival c the act of buying and using products to make a statement about social standingd the process where poor nations waste national resources C Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who: a are ambitious b fund social services c spend money wisely d get rich while workers stay poor D Which statement represents stratification from the perspective of symbolic interactionism? a Men often earn more than women, even working the same job. b After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant. c Doctors earn more money because their job is more highly valued. d Teachers continue to struggle to keep benefits such as health insurance. B Societies practice social control to maintain ________. a formal sanctions b social order c cultural deviance d sanction labeling B Define socialization in your own words. a the process where biology affects behavior b the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society's beliefs, and to be aware of societal values cthe process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place d a person's distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction B In research, reliability refers to how likely the results are to be _____ if a study is reproduced. a replicated b proven c analyzed d challenged A Perception how we imagine we appear to others Interpretation we imagine how others judge us Response self response based on what we think others think Charles Horton created the "reflected or looking glass self" concept Primary Socialization Agents Person, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know to participate in society Socialization, as a sociological term, describes how people learn societal norms, beliefs, and values The Harlows' study on rhesus monkeys showed that: social comfort is more important than food What occurs in Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional level? Children begin to consider what society considers moral and immoral. What did Carol Gilligan believe earlier researchers into morality had overlooked? The perspective of females What is one way to distinguish between psychology and sociology? All of the above How did nearly complete isolation as a child affect Danielle's verbal abilities?She could not communicate at all. Why do sociologists need to be careful when drawing conclusions from twin studies? The sample sizes are often small. From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person's socialization? Blood type Chris Langan's story illustrates that: socialization can be more important than intelligence. Why are wealthy parents more likely than poor parents to socialize their children toward creativity and problem solving? Wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment. How do schools prepare children to one day enter the workforce? With a standardized curriculum, Through the hidden curriculum, By socializing them in teamwork All of the above Which one of the following is not a way people are socialized by religion? An individual's personal internal experience of a divine being leads to their faith. Which of the following is a manifest function of schools? Learning to read and write Which of the following is typically the earliest agent of socialization? family Which of the following is not an age-related transition point when Americans must be socialized to new roles? Infancy Which of the following is true regarding American socialization of recent high school graduates? They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation. what does a functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupt Wall street movement? how the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension. What is the largest difference between the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives and the Interactionist perspective? the first two perspectives address large scale issues facing groups, while the last examine more detailed aspects. What role do secondary groups play in society? they are transactional, task-based, and short term, filling practical needs.When a high school student gets teased by her basketball team for recivieing an academic award, she is dealing with competing _______. reference groups Which of the following is not an example of an in-group? a high school Which is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior? reference group a parent who is worrying over her teenager's dangerous and self-destructuve behavior and low self-esteem may wish to look at her child's: reference group, in group, out group. (all of the above) two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a __________. dyad; triad Who is more likely to be an expressive leader? the director of a summer camp for chronically ill children Which of the following is not an appropriate group for democratic leadership? a fire station in Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming? a very small group of witnesses, the presences of an ally, the ability to keep one's answer private (all of the above) Which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down? authoritarian Which is not an example of a normative organization? a study hall Which of these is an example of a total institution? jail Why do people join utilitatian organizations? because they receive a tangible benefit for joining Which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucratic? coercion to join What are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies? increased productivity, increased efficiency, equal treatment for all (All of the above) What is an advantage of the McDonaldization of society? there is more worldwide availability of goods. What is a disadvantage of the McDonaldization of society? there is less variety of goods. aggregate a collection of people who live in the same place at the same time, but who don't interact or share a sense of identity authoritarian leader a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks bureaucracies formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality.category people who share similar interests but are not connected in any way clear division of labor refers to the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a special task to perform coercive organizations organization that people don't voluntarily join, such as a prison or mental hospital conformity the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms democratic leader a leader who encourages group participation and consensus building before moving into action dyad a two member group explicit rules the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized expressive function a group function that serves as an emotional need expressive leader a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone's wellbeing formal organizations large, impersonal organizations generalizability the amount that information from a specific example can be generalized to apply to the overall population group any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity hierarchy of authority a clear chain of command in a bureaucracy Iron Rule of Oligarchy the idea that an organization is ruled by a small group of elites rather than by collaboration impersonality the removal of a person's feelings from a professional situation in-group a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity instrumental function being oriented toward a task or goal instrumental leader a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks laissez-faire leader a hands off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions leadership style the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members McDonaldization the increasing presence of fast food business model in common social institutionsmeritocracy a bureaucracy where membership and advancement are based on merit-proven and documented skills normative or voluntary organizations organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards out-group a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with primary groups small, informal groups of people who are closest to us reference groups groups to which an individual compares herself secondary groups larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited total institution an organization in which individuals live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs triad a three member group utilitarian organizations organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need What factor makes caste systems closed? People cannot change their social standings. What factor makes class systems open? They allow for movement between the classes. Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility? Class Which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States? First-generation college student Which statement illustrates low status consistency? A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year. Based on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would: Earn a pay raise for doing excellent work In the United States, most people define themselves as: Middle class Structural mobility occurs when: A large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes The behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as: Class traits Which of the following scenarios is an example of intergenerational mobility? An executive belongs to a different class than her parents. Occupational prestige means that jobs are: Not equally valued Social stratification is a system that:Ranks society members into categories Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification? Pyramid The GNI PPP figure represents: The average annual income of a country's citizens The basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification: Serves a purpose in society Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were _______ higher-level job positions. Denied the opportunity to obtain Which statement represents stratification from the perspective of symbolic interactionism? After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant. When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers: Do not feel connected to their work Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who: Get rich while workers stay poor What factor makes caste systems closed? People cannot change their social standings. What factor makes class systems open? They allow for movement between the classes. Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility? Class Which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States? First-generation college student Which statement illustrates low status consistency? A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year. Based on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would: Earn a pay raise for doing excellent work In the United States, most people define themselves as: Middle class Structural mobility occurs when: A large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes The behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as: Class traits Which of the following scenarios is an example of intergenerational mobility? An executive belongs to a different class than her parents. Occupational prestige means that jobs are: Not equally valued Social stratification is a system that: Ranks society members into categories Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification? PyramidThe GNI PPP figure represents: The average annual income of a country's citizens The basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification: Serves a purpose in society Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were _______ higher-level job positions. Denied the opportunity to obtain Which statement represents stratification from the perspective of symbolic interactionism? After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant. When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers: Do not feel connected to their work Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who: Get rich while workers stay poor Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined? Deviance is socially defined. During the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and other black protestors spoke out against segregation by refusing to sit at the back of the bus. This is an example of _______________. An act of deviance A student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used _________ to maintain social control. Informal negative sanctions Societies practice social control to maintain _________. social order One day, you decide to wear pajamas to the grocery store. While you shop, you notice people giving you strange looks and whispering to others. In this case, the grocery store patrons are demonstrating __________. informal sanctions A student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in five minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds down the road, where she is pulled over by a police officer. The student explains that she is running late, and the officer lets her off with a warning. The student's actions are an example of ________. primary deviance According to C. Wright Mills, which of the following people is most likely to be a member of the power elite? A senator According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur where? A community where neighbors don't know each other very well Shaw and McKay found that crime is linked primarily to ________. wealth According to the concept of the power elite, why would a celebrity such as Charlie Sheen commit a crime?Because his fame protects him from retribution A convicted sexual offender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexual crimes. How would labeling theory explain this? The offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status _________ deviance is a violation of norms that _______ result in a person being labeled a deviant. Primary; does not Which of the following is an example of corporate crime? Embezzlement Spousal abuse is an example of a __________. violent crime Which of the following situations best describes crime trends in the United States? Rates of violent and nonviolent crimes are decreasing. What is a disadvantage of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? The NCVS may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones. What factor makes caste systems closed? People cannot change their social standings. What factor makes class systems open? They allow for movement between the classes. Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility? class Which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States? First-generation college student Which statement illustrates low status consistency? A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year Based on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would: earn a pay raise for doing excellent work In the United States, most people define themselves as: middle class Structural mobility occurs when: a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes The behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as: class traits Which of the following scenarios is an example of intergenerational mobility? An executive belongs to a different class than her parents. Occupational prestige means that jobs are: not equally valued Social stratification is a system that: ranks society members into categories Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification? Pyramid The GNI PPP figure represents: the average annual income of a country's citizensThe basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification: serves a purpose in society Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were _________ higher-level job positions. denied the opportunity to obtain Which statement represents stratification from the perspective of symbolic interactionism? After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant. When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers: do not feel connected to their work Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who: get rich while workers stay poor Social stratification A hierarchal ranking of people who have different access to valued resources Closed: stratification system Mobility is limited due to ascribed statuses - sex, skin color, family background Closed: caste system Social categories are based on heredity. Indian caste system Indian system is classic example of a caste system. Outlawed in 1949. Social distinctions persist. Which caste is composed of educated priests and scholars? Brahmins Kshatriyas kings and warriors Vaishyas merchants and farmers Shudras peasants and laborers,craftspeople Dalits poor, untouchables, menial and unpleasant jobs Open stratification system A social class is a category of people who have a similar rank based on wealth, education, power, and prestige Wealth money and economic assets Prestige Respect, recognition, or regard Power the ability of individuals to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over others despite opposition. Power elite a small group of white men who make the important decisions in the U.S society Status inconsistencyhigh prestige, low power Socioeconomic status (SES) an overall rankings of peoples positions based on their income, education,and occupation Life chances the extent to which people have positive experiences and can secure good things in life Number one reason for human trafficking prostitution exogamous marriages members are from different social categories endogamous marriages members have same social background Meritocracy another system of social stratification in which personal effort-or merit- determines social standing Social class a grouping based on similar social factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation standard of living the level of wealth available to a certain socioeconomic class in order to acquire the material necessities and comforts to maintain its lifestyle global stratification compares wealth, economic stability, status and power of countries across the world conspicuous consumption buying and using products to make a statement about social standing primogeniture a law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son Which of the following fictional societies is an example of a pastoral society? The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses Which of the following occupations is a person of power most likely to have in an information society? software engineer Which of the following societies were the first to have permanent residents? Horticultural Organic solidarity is most likely to exist in which of the following types of societies? Industrial According to Marx, the _____ own the means of production in a society. bourgeoisie Which of the following best depicts Marx's concept of alienation from the process of one's labor? A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way.The Protestant work ethic is based on the concept of predestination, which states that ________. God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned The concept of the iron cage was popularized by which of the following sociological thinkers? Max Weber Émile Durkheim's ideas about society can best be described as ________. functionalist Mary works full-time at an office downtown while her young children stay at a neighbor's house. She's just learned that the childcare provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities? role strain According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, society is based on ________. habitual actions Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he's never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the gray and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco's behavior can be best explained by the concept of ___________. the looking-glass self Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined? Deviance is socially defined. During the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and other black protestors spoke out against segregation by refusing to sit at the back of the bus. This is an example of _______________. An act of deviance A student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used _________ to maintain social control. Informal negative sanctions Societies practice social control to maintain _________. social order One day, you decide to wear pajamas to the grocery store. While you shop, you notice people giving you strange looks and whispering to others. In this case, the grocery store patrons are demonstrating __________. informal sanctions A student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in five minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds down the road, where she is pulled over by a police officer. The student explains that she is running late, and the officer lets her off with a warning. The student's actions are an example of ________. primary devianceAccording to C. Wright Mills, which of the following people is most likely to be a member of the power elite? A senator According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur where? A community where neighbors don't know each other very well Shaw and McKay found that crime is linked primarily to ________. wealth According to the concept of the power elite, why would a celebrity such as Charlie Sheen commit a crime? Because his fame protects him from retribution A convicted sexual offender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexual crimes. How would labeling theory explain this? The offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status. _________ deviance is a violation of norms that _______ result in a person being labeled a deviant. Primary; does not Which of the following is an example of corporate crime? Embezzlement Spousal abuse is an example of a __________. violent crime Which of the following situations best describes crime trends in the United States? Rates of violent and nonviolent crimes are decreasing. What is a disadvantage of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? The NCVS may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones. A student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in five minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds down the road, where she is pulled over by a police officer. The student explains that she is running late, and the officer lets her off with a warning. The students actions are an example of________. Primary deviance According to C. Wright Mills, who is most likely to be a member of the power elite? A senator According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur where? A community where neighbors don't know each other very well Shaw and McKay found that crime is linked primarily to _______ Wealth According to the concept of power elite, why would a celebrity such as charlie sheen commit a crime? because his fame protects hime from retribution A convicted sexual offender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexaul assault. How would labeling theory explain this? the offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status _____ deviance is a violation of norms that ______result in a person being deviant Primary; does notThey allow movement between the classes What factor makes class systems open? earn a pay raise for doing excellent work Based on Meritocracy a Physician's Assistant would: Social Stratification a socioeconomic system that divides society's members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige intragenerational mobility a difference in social class between different members of the same generation middle class In the United States, most people define themselves as relative economic status Studies of global stratification measure inequalities by comparing the _______________________ of countries. global stratification a comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole GNI PPP the average annual income of a country's citizens Conspicuous Consumption the act of buying and using products to make a statement about social standing denied the opportunity to obtain Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were _______ higher-level job positions. Davis Moore Thesis a thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs. What role do secondary groups play in society? Instrumental leadership a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks increased productivity increased efficiency equal treatment for all ALL THE ABOVE What are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies? Society people who live in a definable community and who share a culture Material culture refers to all tangible objects that are part of a culture, while non-material culture refers to ideas, attitudes, and beliefs. The main difference between material and non-material culture is that beliefs tenets or convictions that people hold to be true Discoveries things and ideas found from what already exists Conflict theoryA sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the U.S. education system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using? Postconventional In which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development do people recognize that what is legal and what is moral are not always the same thing? Meritocracy A society in which everyone, no matter what their background, has an equal chance to achieve success. those who fail are exclusively responsible for their failure If we claim that our society is a meritocratic society, then ___. It allows them to believe that their wealth is deserved. What advantage is there for the rich in claiming that our society is an economic meritocracy? Community Cultural Wealth more about the social norms and values developed in oppressed/criminalized communities that help them survive Organic Capital individual response to opression Intergenerational mobility Turn of the century "social problems novels" forced readers to deal with the realities of social class. Many of these stories depicted generations of family members who, over the course of a lifetime, moved up or down the class structure. This sort of movement, between different generations of a family, is known as ___. Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined? a. Deviance is defined by federal, provincial, and local laws. b. Deviance's definition is determined by one's religion. c. Deviance occurs whenever someone else is harmed by an action. d. Deviance is socially defined. D In 1946, Viola Desmond was arrested for refusing to sit in the blacks-only section of the cinema in Nova Scotia. This is an example of______________. a. A consensus crime b. A conflict crime c. A social deviation d. A social diversion B A student has a habit of texting during class. One day, the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used __________ to maintain social control. a. Informal positive sanctions b. Formal negative sanctionc. Informal negative sanctions d. Formal positive sanctions A Societies practise social control to maintain ________. a. Formal sanctions b. Social order c. Cultural deviance d. Sanction labelling B School discipline obliges students to sit in rows and listen to lessons quietly in order for them to learn. This strategy of education demonstrates_______. a. Compensatory social control b. Formal sanctions c. Docility d. Positive sanctions C A student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in five minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds down the road, where she is pulled over by a police officer. The student explains that she is running late, and the officer lets her off with a warning. The student's actions are an example of _________. a. Primary deviance b. Positive deviance c. Secondary deviance d. Master deviance A According to critical sociology, which of the following people is most likely to commit a crime of accommodation? a. A student struggling to get better grades b. An addict who sees a stack of CDs in an unlocked car c. A professor who is tempted to publish someone else's work as his own d. A mechanic who dislikes a customer B According to social disorganization theory, where is crime most likely to occur? a. A community where neighbours don't know each other very well b. A neighbourhood with mostly elderly citizens c. A city with a large minority population d. A college campus with students who are very competitive A Symbolic interactionists argue that crime is linked primarily to ________. a. Powerb. Master status c. Family values d. Wealth D According to the concept of the power elite, why would a celebrity such as Charlie Sheen commit a crime? a. Because his parents committed similar crimes b. Because his fame protects him from retribution c. Because his fame disconnects him from society d. Because he is challenging socially accepted norms B A convicted sexual offender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexual crimes. How would labelling theory explain this? a. The offender has been labelled deviant by society and has accepted this master status. b. The offender has returned to his old neighbourhood and so re-established his former habits. c. The offender has lost the social bonds he made in prison and feels disconnected from society. d. The offender is poor and coping with conditions of oppression and inequality. A ______ deviance is a violation of norms that ______result in a person being labelled a deviant. a. Secondary; does not b. Negative; does c. Primary; does not d. Primary; may or may not C Which of the following is an example of corporate crime? a. Embezzlement b. Larceny c. Assault d. Burglary A Spousal abuse is an example of a ________. a. Street crime b. Corporate crime c. Violent crime d. Nonviolent crime CWhich of the following situations best describes crime trends in Canada? a. Rates of violent and nonviolent crimes are decreasing. b. Rates of violent crimes are decreasing, but there are more nonviolent crimes now than ever before. c. Crime rates have skyrocketed since the 1970s due to lax court rulings. d. Rates of street crime have gone up, but corporate crime has gone down. A What is a disadvantage of crime victimization surveys? a. They do not include demographic data, such as age or gender. b. They may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones. c. They do not address the relationship between the criminal and the victim. d. They only include information collected by police officers. B\ What factor makes caste systems closed? People cannot change their social standings. What factor makes class systems open? They allow for movement between the classes. Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility? Class Which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States? First-generation college student Which statement illustrates low status consistency? A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year. Based on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would: Earn a pay raise for doing excellent work In the United States, most people define themselves as: Middle class Structural mobility occurs when: A large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes The behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as: Class traits Which of the following scenarios is an example of intergenerational mobility? An executive belongs to a different class than her parents. Occupational prestige means that jobs are: Not equally valued Social stratification is a system that: Ranks society members into categories Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification? Pyramid The GNI PPP figure represents:The average annual income of a country's citizens The basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification: Serves a purpose in society Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were _______ higher-level job positions. Denied the opportunity to obtain Which statement represents stratification from the perspective of symbolic interactionism? After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant. When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers: Do not feel connected to their work Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who: Get rich while workers stay poor Bourgeoisie in capitalism, the owning class who live from the proceeds of owning or controlling productive property Caste System a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives Class a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation Class System social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments Class Traits the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class, also called class markers Conspicuous Consumption buying and using products to make a statement about social standing Cultural Capital cultural assets in the form of knowledge, education, and taste that can be transferred intergenerationally Davis-Moore Thesis a thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity Downward Mobility a lowering of one's social class Endogamous Marriages unions of people with the same social category Equality of Condition a situation in which everyone in a society has an equal chance to pursue economic or social rewards Exogamous Marriages unions of people from different social categories Global Stratificationa comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole Income the money a person earns from work or investments Intergenerational Mobility a difference in social class between different generations of a family Intragenerational Mobility a difference in social class between different members of the same generation Living Wage the income needed to meet a family's basic needs and enable them to participate in community life Lumpenproletariat in capitalism, the underclass of chronically unemployed or irregularly employed who are in and out of the workforce Means of Production productive property, including the things used to produce the goods and services needed for survival: tools, technologies, resources, land, workplaces, etc. Meritocracy an ideal system in which personal effort-or merit-determines social standing Petite Bourgeoisie in capitalism, the class of small owners like shopkeepers, farmers, and contractors who own some property and perhaps employ a few workers but rely on their own labor to survive Power how many people a person must take orders from versus how many people a person can give orders to Primogeniture a law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son Proletariat those who seek to establish a sustainable standard of living by maintaining the level of their wages and the level of employment in society Proletarianization the process in which the work conditions of the middle class increasingly resemble those of the traditional, blue collar working class Social Differentiation the division of people into categories based on socially significant characteristics, identities, and roles Social Inequality the unequal distribution of valued resources, rewards, and positions in a society Social Mobility the ability to change positions within a social stratification system Social Stratification a socioeconomic system that divides society's members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige Standard of Livingthe level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle Status the degree of honor or prestige one has in the eyes of others Status Consistency the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual's rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation Structural Mobility when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder Upward Mobility an increase-or upward shift-in social class Wealth the value of money and assets a person has from, for example, inheritance What factor makes caste systems closed? 1. They are run by secretive governments. 2. People cannot change their social standings. 3. Most have been outlawed. 4. They exist only in rural areas. 2 What factor makes class systems open? 1. They allow for movement between the classes. 2. People are more open-minded. 3. People are encouraged to socialize within their class. 4. They do not have clearly defined layers. 1 Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility? 1. Caste 2. Monarchy 3. Endogamy 4. Class 4 Which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in Canada? 1. First-shift factory worker 2. First-generation college student 3. Firstborn son who inherits the family business 4. First-time interviewee who is hired for a job 2 Which statement illustrates low status consistency? 1. A suburban family lives in a modest ranch home and enjoys a nice vacation each summer. 2. A single mother receives welfare and struggles to find adequate employment. 3. A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year. 4. A celebrity actress owns homes in three countries 3Based on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would ____________________________. 1. Receive the same pay as all the other physician's assistants 2. Be encouraged to earn a higher degree to seek a better position 3. Most likely marry a professional at the same level 4. Earn a pay raise for doing excellent work 4 In Canada, most people define themselves as _______________. 1. Middle class 2. Upper class 3. Lower class 4. No specific class 1 Structural mobility occurs when ____________________________. 1. An individual moves up the class ladder 2. An individual moves down the class ladder 3. A large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes 4. A member of a family belongs to a different class than his or her siblings 3 The intergenerational behaviours, customs, education, taste, and norms associated with a class are known as _______________. 1. class traits 2. power 3. prestige 4. underclass 1 Which of the following scenarios is an example of intergenerational mobility? 1. A janitor belongs to the same social class as his grandmother did. 2. An executive belongs to a different class than her parents. 3. An editor shares the same social class as his cousin. 4. A lawyer belongs to a different class than her sister. 2 Occupational prestige means that jobs are _______________. 1. all equal in status 2. not equally valued 3. assigned to a person for life 4. not part of a person's self-identity 2 Social stratification is a system that _____________________________. 1. Ranks society members into categories 2. Destroys competition between society members 3. Allows society members to choose their social standing 4. Reflects personal choices of society members 1 Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification? 1. Pie chart2. Flag poles 3. Planetary movement 4. Pyramid 4 The GNI PPP figure represents ______________________. 1. A country's total accumulated wealth 2. Annual government spending 3. The average annual income of a country's citizens 4. A country's debt 3 The basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification _____________________________. 1. Is an outdated mode of societal organization 2. Is an artificial reflection of society 3. Serves a purpose in society 4. Cannot be justified 3 Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were _______ higher-level job positions. 1. Denied the opportunity to obtain 2. Encouraged to train for 3. Often fired from 4. Forced into 1 Which statement represents stratification from the perspective of symbolic interactionism? 1. Men often earn more than women, even working the same job. 2. After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant. 3. Doctors earn more money because their job is more highly valued. 4. Teachers continue to struggle to keep benefits such as good retirement plans. 2 When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers _____________________________. 1. Must labour alone, without companionship 2. Do not feel connected to their work 3. Move from one geographical location to another 4. Have to put forth self-effort to get ahead 2 Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who _____________________. 1. Are ambitious 2. Fund social services 3. Spend money wisely 4. Get rich while workers stay poor 4During her first day of kindergarten, Marie does not understand how the lunch line in the cafeteria works. She hesitates and watches as the older kids pick up their trays and silverware and then get in line. She follows their lead and successfully buys herself lunch. Marie's experience in the lunchroom is an example of _____. a. Socialization b. The looking glass self c. Resocialization d. Anticipatory socialization Socialization Erik Erikson's theory explains: a. Why Rhesus Monkeys preferred terry cloth maternal stand-ins versus the maternal stand-ins that provided food. b. How human sexual desire is linked to the development of a personality. c. When human moral development begins in an individual. d. How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life. How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life. Some sociologists have pointed out that gender roles are often determined by how a society socializes young boys and girls. Which of the following is an example of socializing a child into a gender role? a. Taking Jimmy to the aquarium. b. Buying Sarah a toy kitchen to play with. c. Letting Kim wear pants to school. d. Allowing Joey to sleep with his "blankey." Buying Sarah a toy kitchen to play with According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, when do humans begin to think about the feelings of other people and begin to see the world through other people's eyes? a. When they are born. b. When they first go to school. c. In their teenage years d. After they graduate from college. In their teenage years Bobby came home from school crying because the other kids in his class were calling him stupid. His mother tried to console him, but he really started to believe that he was stupid. Charles Cooley would say that this is a classic example of _______. a. The looking-glass self b. The resocialization processc. A degradation ceremony d. Poor parenting The looking glass self Katrina, age 5, and Sharon, age 4, love to play together while their mothers chat. Katrina has a toy iron and washing machine. She and Sharon spend hours "washing" and "ironing" her baby doll's clothes, just like they see their mothers do. Which of George Herbert Mead's stages of development are Katrina and Sharon exemplifying? a. The preparatory stage b. The play stage c. The game stage d. The "generalized other" stage The preparatory stage Émile Durkheim's much lauded study of suicide is important to the field of sociology in many ways. One of the most influential impacts was: a. It defined the differences between sociology and psychology b. It allowed psychology and sociology to merge into one field. c. It showed the psychological reasons for suicide to be a lie. d. It earned Émile Durkheim the title "Father of Sociology" so that other sociologists would have a role model. It declined the differences between sociology and psychology It is parent-teacher conference day at Littleton Elementary School. Jimmy's teacher is anxious to meet his parents and discuss his habit of disrupting the class. When the teacher expresses her concern that Jimmy is not being socialized properly, his dad insists that he was the same way at Jimmy's age and that disrupting the class is natural for the children in his family. Jimmy's teacher and father are arguing about which fundamental sociological theory? a. Kohlberg's theory of Moral Development b. George Herbert Mead's theory of self-development c. Nature vs. Nurture d. Freud's theory of self-development Nature vs. Nurture Parents often socialize their children to: a. Understand and follow different norms from what they themselves follow b. Understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow c. Ignore society and create their own norms and follow them regardless of consequences d. Ignore society and live alone without much interaction with other people Understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow Education is important to society because: a. It teaches children facts about the world in which they live. b. It teaches children how to interact with their peers and helps them to gain socialgraces. c. It teaches children how to react to authority and how to behave in group and one-onone situations. d. All of the above All The transition from college life to work life can be quite difficult for many young adults in the United States. Which is a possible cause for this struggle? a. The status quo has been maintained for a substantial period of time, and now the economy and government are undergoing significant changes. b. Many young people are in the same situation, so drawing expertise or knowledge from their experiences from peers is difficult. c. Finding a job, renting an apartment, and being independent is a daunting task that seems insurmountable. d. All of the above All Sherry is in her mid-eighties and is moving to a nursing home. She is used to getting up at 5 o'clock each morning and making breakfast for herself. Her new roommate likes to sleep until 7 o'clock and breakfast is not served at the nursing home until 8 o'clock. What is Sherry most likely to experience through this transition? a. A shift in her desire to enjoy life. b. A shift in her reading habits. c. Resocialization. d. A complete and permanent loss of herself. Resocialization In an effort to control a total institution, and to create a community of sameness, inmates are forced to strip down, be searched by police officers, and given identical uniforms before entering prison. This is an example of _______. a. An entry test that must be passed b. A degradation ceremony c. A graduation ceremony d. An exit test that must be passed A degradation ceremony Sumaira is scared that she will not find a job in the current economy. She decides to be a business major and attend one of the top business schools in the country. Upon graduation, she is hired by a major investment banking firm in New York. Sumaira has completed: a. A degradation ceremony. b. Developing her sense of self. c. Anticipatory socialization. d. Developing her sense of morality. Anticipatory socializationMark, whose parents are wealthy, has been socialized to believe that he can be whoever he wants to be. His best friend Matt, whose parents are blue-collar workers, has been socialized to believe that hard work and following instructions is all he needs to support himself. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? a. Structural Functionalism b. Conflict c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Feminist Theory Conflict Joseph and Paula are excited to welcome their child into the world. They cannot wait to pass on all their knowledge, insight, and rich culture. Just as their parents gave them guidance and showed them how to live, Joseph and Paula will continue the chain by handing down their societal values and thus, sustain the society they love so much. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? a. Structural Functionalism b. Conflict c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Feminist Theory Structural functionalism Baby Marla is always well dressed. She has ribbons, bows, and frills all over her dresses and even in her hair. Her mother, who is worried that people might mistake Marla for a little boy, is determined to communicate to the world that she has a baby girl. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? a. Structural Functionalism b. Conflict c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Exchange Theory Symbolic interactionism Ahmed has been trying to change his schedule so that he can take one more AP class his senior year in high school. He keeps running between the guidance office and the administration office to sort out the problem. Ahmed's interaction with the school's bureaucracy is an example of: a. The influences of a total institution b. The generalized other c. The influences of one's peer groups d. The hidden curriculum of schools The hidden curriculum of schools Whose study described the differences in the way that boys and girls view morality? a. Carol Gilligan b. Erik Eriksonc. Sigmund Freud d. Lawrence Kholberg Carol Gilligan Sandy is standing in line for Kanye West tickets. The line wraps around the block, spilling into the streets and crowding store windows. Sandy is part of a(n): a. Dyad b. Triad c. In-group d. Aggregate Aggregate What is the difference between a primary group and a secondary group? a. A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal. b. A primary group is small and impersonal; a secondary group is large and consists of face-to-face relationships. c. A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small, consisting of emotional, face-to-face relationships. d. A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small and purely instrumental in function. A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face to face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal Which of the following is an example of an in-group/out-group dynamic: a. Organizations across a college campus come together at a yearly fundraiser to raise money for the local Breast Cancer Awareness chapter. b. Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta. c. Chorus members of the campus's production of Hairspray practice in Theatre building's first floor, while the cast of God of Carnage practices on the second floor. d. The Chemistry Club advertises their organization at the local science fair. Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta. When Michael starts high school, he joins the basketball team. He begins to look to his teammate friends for cues on how to behave at dances, in the hallways, and even in the classroom. Michael's basketball team is serving as Michael's _____. a. Out-group b. Reference group c. Aggregate d. Secondary group Reference group A total institution can be defined as: a. A business which offers career advice for federal employees.b. A group in which the masses have a large influence in decision making. c. A clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy. d. An organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs. An organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total Resocialization occurs Grace works in at an advertising agency. Grace's coworkers help her complete presentations, contact clients, and assist her with research. Her coworkers are serving a(n): a. Expressive function b. Intrinsic function c. Elementary function d. Instrumental function Instrumental function An instrumental leader: a. Promotes emotional strength and health, ensuring that people feel supported. b. Refers to the main focus or goal of the leader. c. Is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks. d. Rejects gender roles in the name of the feminist movement. Is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks. Christine is president of her Improvisation Comedy Troupe. When making decisions about booking gigs, rehearsal spaces, and call-times, Christine leaves the troupe to decide for themselves. Christine is a(n) _____ leader. a. Authoritarian b. Democratic c. Laissez-faire d. Republican Laissez-faire Solomon Asch concluded that one reason people conform to a group is because they believe: a. They are too weak to decide for themselves. b. The group is better informed than they are. c. Dissent is a form of weakness. d. Large groups never make mistakes. The group is better informed than they are The United States Government is a form of: a. A bureaucracy b. A coercive organization c. A total institution d. A normative organization A bureaucracyWhich of the following is NOT a characteristic of a bureaucracy: a. Clear division of labor b. Impersonality c. Explicit rules d. Personality-based promotion Personality-based promotion The McDonalidization of Society refers to: a. The increasing presence of the fast-food business model in common social institutions. b. The obesity epidemic that's rapidly sweeping the United States. c. The country's increasing dependence on fast food as a daily meal. d. The increasing popularity of McDonalds as a hang-out for youths. The increasing presence of the fast-food business module in common social institution Kellan wants to shop at Express for the new school year, but because all of his friends shop at Pacific Sun, Kellan does as well. Kellan's behavior is an example of: a. Consumer-oriented discretion b. Laissez-faire leadership c. Conformity d. Out-group dynamics Conformity The concept "reference groups" can be defined as: a. Groups which consist of people for whom an individual feels great disdain. b. Groups a person belongs to and feels are an integral part of his or her identity. c. People who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way. d. Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself. Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself A famous socialite is court-ordered to enter a rehabilitation center to eliminate her drug addiction. The socialite is about to become a member of a: a. Voluntary organization b. Paparazzi organization c. Utilitarian organization d. Coercive organization Coercive organization Justin enrolls in a local community college so he can one day become an engineer. Justin is about to become a member of a: a. Voluntary organization b. Paparazzi organization c. Utilitarian organization d. Coercive organization Utilitarian organizationWhen Kevin backpacks across Europe after his high school graduation, he is surprised to find Burger Kings, H&Ms, and even Wal-Mart stores in the foreign cities. This is an example of: a. In-Group/Out-Group dynamic b. The McDonaldization of Society c. A bureaucracy d. Counter-culture The mcdonalization of society In the 2010 film, The Social Network, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg was portrayed as a leader who was goal-oriented, issuing orders and assigning tasks. Which of the following leadership styles did Zuckerberg likely use? a. Authoritarian b. Democratic c. Laissez-faire d. Oligarchy Authoritarian The term meritocracy is defined by the text as: a. A status-based regime in which advancement is unlikely. b. The removal of personal feelings from a professional situation. c. The authoritarian devalue of an employee . d. A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills. A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills Ally's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamine's. By the age of 18, Ally has been arrested three times for possession of marijuana. Which theory best describes Ally's experience? a. Differential association theory b. Strain theory c. Labeling theory d. Opaque theory Differential association theory The term deviance can be defined as: a. The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring. b. A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. c. Social reward for the violation of norms. d. The regulation and enforcement of norms. A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime? a. A violent crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics. b. A violent crime is punishable in a court of law; a hate crime is not. c. A hate crime is punishable in a court of law; a violent crime is not. d. A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics. A hate crime is based on a persons race, religion, or other characteristics Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a: a. Positive informal sanction b. Negative informal sanction c. Positive formal sanction d. Negative formal sanction Positive formal sanction Which theorist studied the power elite, and the influence they had over society? a. Karl Marx b. Carl Sagan c. Émile Durkheim d. C. Wright Mills Wright mills The term crime can be defined as: a. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. b. A harmful action directed at the authorities. c. A sequence of events leading to incarceration. d. An unintended consequence of necessary action. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions Functionalist Émile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was: a. Necessary; it challenged people's views. b. Dangerous; it encouraged disruptive behavior. c. Insignificant; deviance within society is largely ignored. d. Instrumental; it encouraged the population to rebel. Necessary; it challenged people's views Which of the following is not a branch of the U.S. Criminal Justice System? a. The police b. The jury c. The courts d. The corrections system The jury The term secondary deviance can be defined as: a. When positive formal sanctions cause an individual to deviate from society'sexpectations. b. When a violation of norms does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others. c. When negative informal sanctions encourage an individual to seek more positive behavioral choices. d. When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society. When a persons self concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction? a. Mario being sent to jail after robbing a CVS. b. Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine. c. Eleanor being given a "Teacher of the Year" award for her work as a high school English teacher. d. Meredith receiving compliments on her hair after visiting the salon. Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke dhring her comedy routine Social control is: a. An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives. b. A system that has the authority to make decisions based on law. c. A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. d. The regulation and enforcement of norms. The regulation and enforcement of norms Strain theory: a. Argues that morality is based on wealth. b. Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle. c. Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals. d. States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance. Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable Gail's and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience? a. Strain theory b. Control theoryc. Differential association d. Labeling theory Labeling theory Bernie Madoff, recently sentenced to 150 years in prison for creating a ponzi scheme which caused clients to lose millions of dollars, engaged in which form of crime? a. Street crime b. Corporate crime c. Violent crime d. Institutional crime Corporate crime True or False: Deviance is always considered a crime? a. True b. False False Differential association Edwin Sutherland Control theory Travis hirschi Strain theory Robert Merton Cultural deviance theory Clifford shaw and Henry McKay Caleb attended a private high school, which gave each student access to a personal laptop and iPhone. Ted attended a poorly funded public school, which had few computers and outdated technology. When Caleb gets to college, he's more prepared than Ted for coursework which includes computer and online material. This occurrence is an example of: a. Computer lag b. Digital divide c. Technological pause d. New media Digital divide E-readiness can be defined as: a. the ability to sort through, interpret, and process digital knowledge. b. the application of science to solve problems in daily life. c. the virtual experience offered by leading educational institutions. d. the electronic waste created by consumers. The ability to sort through, intrepret, and process digital knowledge Which of the following is an example of planned obsolescence? a. Evangeline refuses to purchase a Droid or an iPhone because her Razor phone has been in perfect shape for the past 6 years.b. Target offers a "buy two, get one free" sale on Blue Ray discs. c. Sarah's iPod breaks just as the newest iPod Nano is being introduced. d. Jerome spills coffee on his MacBook, and it ruins the keyboard. Sarah's iPod breaking just as the newest iPod nano is being introduced After the floppy disk was introduced, zip drives were invented shortly after, followed quickly by flash drives. This is an example of: a. Digital divide b. Design patent c. Stolen technology d. Evolutionary model of technological change Evolutionary model of technological change Last week, a major politician was caught in a political scandal. The story was featured on the front page of the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, CNN.com, and was the lead story on NBC, ABC, and CBS nightly news. This is referred to as: a. Homogenization b. Telecommunication c. Fragmentation d. Illiteration Homogenization The term technological diffusion is defined as: a. The spread of technology across borders. b. The global lack of access to online media. c. A form of constant monitoring in which the observation posts are decentralized and the observed is never communicated with directly. d. The breakdown of communication between technological innovators and the general public. The spread of technology across borders Which sociological perspective sees technology and media as a tool individuals use to express how much wealth they have? a. Functionalist b. Cyberfeminist c. Symbolic Interactionist d. Conflict Symbolic Interactionist How has advertising revenue significantly changed in the past few years? a. Newspaper advertising revenue has greatly increased, while online advertising revenue has fallen. b. Cable and online revenue have remained greatly unchanged, while newspaper and magazine advertising revenue have fallen greatly. c. Magazine revenue has risen steadily, while online and newspaper revenue have fallen dramatically [Show More]

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