WGU D307 - Educational Psychology Exam Questions and Answers (100% Verified Solutions)

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WGU D307 - Educational Psychology Exam Questions and Answers (100% Verified Solutions) When recess is called, two boys slip on their hoodies and, with a little concentration, zip them up. They then... run out to the playground, where they draw stick figures with sidewalk chalk. Which physical development stage describes these students? Middle childhood Infancy Early childhood Adolescence  Early Childhood True or False A second-grade student tells his teacher that he is being bullied on the playground by some older children. The student is attempting to meet his physiological needs.  False Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the adolescence physical development stage? Slow and steady growth Stunted growth Accelerated growth No growth  Accelerated growth A teacher asked children of different ages this question: "What would it be like if humans had gills and lived underwater?" Which answer is characteristic of a child in the formal operations stage? "We would be wet all the time." "I would not like to live underwater." "We would have to invent waterproof paper to write on." "This is a stupid question because we don't live underwater."  "We would have to invent waterproof paper to write on." True or False According to Vygotsky, a person learns best through his or her own experiences.  False Which characteristic would be consistent with a student in Piaget's pre-operational level of cognitive development? Pretending to be a cartoon character Playing with a mobile Solving "what-if" questions Understanding that A + B = C is the same as B + A = C  Pretending to be a cartoon character True or False Gilligan theorized that women are more involved in the care of others rather than in the care of themselves.  True A 10-year-old student works hard to master multiplication so her teacher and peers will be proud of her. Which of Erikson's stages is this student displaying? Identity versus role confusion Autonomy versus shame Trust versus mistrust Industry versus inferiority  Industry versus inferiority A third-grade student wants his classmates to think he is "nice," so he always obeys the classroom rules. According to Kohlberg, this student's sense of morality is at the Conventional Level Which example demonstrates Bandura's theory of observational learning and modeling? A new student sees a group of children kick the ball, so he joins them and does likewise. A teacher tells her class to line up by the door; they line up. A student picks up his backpack and walks toward the door even though the rest of the class has not done so. A student does not want to finish a math test, but the teacher offers her a reward if she does.  A new student sees a group of children kick the ball, so he joins them and does likewise. Which example best demonstrates Skinner's operant conditioning theory of language development? A baby coos, smiles when his mother turns toward him, and coos again. A child raised without much human interaction learns to talk without difficulty. A fifth grader listens as her teacher models the correct way to answer a question, then tries it herself. A student learning English makes progress when placed with peers who engage her in social interaction.  A baby coos, smiles when his mother turns toward him, and coos again. Which characteristic is typical of individuals in the telegraphic stage of language development? Using words that have meaning and serve a purpose Using correct noun and verb structure Using consonant and vowel sounds to make word-like syllables Using one-word sentences  Using words that have meaning and serve a purpose Which theorist's approach stated that language acquisition can be enhanced if it is paired with a positive or rewarding outcome? Skinner's operant conditioning Vygotsky's zone of proximal development Maslow's hierarchy of needs Chomsky's universal grammar  Skinner's Operant Conditioning True or False Chomsky believed that humans are born with the ability to learn language.  True Which student behavior is characteristic of a student with autism spectrum disorder? Persistent challenges with communication, sensory issues, and repetitive behaviors Inability to read or write at grade level, despite extensive teacher support Inability to focus, complete tasks, remain seated, or avoid interrupting. Oppositional behavior, including noncompliance with directions and difficulty forming relationships with peers  Persistent challenges with communication, sensory issues, and repetitive behaviors William is a bright high school student who tends to sit in the back of the classroom near his friends. However, when he does so, he has difficulty seeing what the teacher is writing on the board. Which type of barrier does William seem to be encountering? Language Physical Cognitive Social and emotional  Physical A student has been diagnosed with a TBI after an auto accident and experiences difficulty with attention. In addition, the student is experiencing nightmares, flashbacks, and post-traumatic stress from the accident. Which two types of barriers is the student currently experiencing?  Cognitive and social-emotional A classroom teacher is working with a diverse student population. One student, Kamal, has a physical disability and uses a wheelchair. Another student, Jack, has a hearing impairment (for which he uses a hearing aid) and an expressive language disorder. A third student, Maria, lives in a house where there is chronic food insecurity, and she typically comes to school hungry, pays little attention in class, and sleeps. A fourth student, Fatima, has an autism spectrum disorder. Fatima has difficulties with speech and communication, sensory sensitivity, and challenges in social interaction with peers. Which two students might have difficulties in communicating their needs to the teacher? Jack & Fatima A classroom teacher is working with a diverse student population. One student, Kamal, has a physical disability and uses a wheelchair. Another student, Jack, has a hearing impairment (for which he uses a hearing aid) and an expressive language disorder. A third student, Maria, lives in a house where there is chronic food insecurity, and she typically comes to school hungry, pays little attention in class, and sleeps. A fourth student, Fatima, has an autism spectrum disorder. Fatima has difficulties with speech and communication, sensory sensitivity, and challenges in social interaction with peers. What is Maria's primary learning need?  the issue underlying her challenges, is access to nutritious, sufficient food. A student has an intellectual disability. What is the primary way this might affect her classroom performance?  The student is likely to need modified curriculum and support with independent functioning. A student has a learning disability. How is this need likely to impact her functioning and performance?  The student is likely to complete work more slowly and less accurately. A classroom teacher is working with a diverse student population. One student, Kamal, has a physical disability and uses a wheelchair. Another student, Jack, has a hearing impairment (for which he uses a hearing aid) and an expressive language disorder. A third student, Maria, lives in a house where there is chronic food insecurity, and she typically comes to school hungry, pays little attention in class, and sleeps. A fourth student, Fatima, has an autism spectrum disorder. Fatima has difficulties with speech and communication. She has challenges in social interaction with peers, and she has sensory sensitivity, which requires her to have sensory input in order to stay engaged and focused. What is one need that Fatima might display in class?  Difficulty focusing Which theories postulate that intelligence consists of numerous factors rather than a single entity? Thurstone's theory of the primary mental abilities Gardner's multiple intelligence theory Erikson's theory of the stages of development Charles Spearman and the theory of "g" Gardner's multiple intelligence theory  Thurstone's theory of the primary mental abilities True or False According to Skinner's operant conditioning model, both positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of the desired behavior appearing again in the future.  True What is the concept of metacognition? Students being determined to work harder Students thinking about their own thinking Students planning to work more efficiently Students having increased faith in their ability to learn  Students thinking about their own thinking Maslow's hierarchy of needs is important for teachers to understand. Describe how Maslow's hierarchy of needs impacts a child's educational experience. Maslow's theory postulated that all humans have multiple needs. All of these needs must be satisfied before students are able to focus their attention toward maximizing their potential. Students who are hungry, tired, or feel unsafe cannot focus on their schoolwork. A teacher asks students, "Who was the first person to walk on the moon?" Which level of Bloom's Revised Taxonomy is the teacher asking students to use? Understanding Creating Analyzing Remembering  Remembering True or False A teacher who wants to measure the progress of the entire class as a whole should use a norm-referenced assessment.  False True or False Before beginning a lesson on the three branches of government, a social studies teacher wants to find out how much his or her students already know about the subject. This teacher should administer a diagnostic assessment.  True A music teacher wants to assess the progress each student in the band has made from the beginning to the end of the year. As part of this assessment, he records each band member playing an individual piece of music at the end of every month. Which kind of assessment strategy would be suitable, given the teacher's goal? Select all that apply. Performance or authentic assessment Objective assessment Standardized assessment Criterion-referenced assessment Criterion-referenced assessment  Performance or authentic assessment Which theory of learning most closely aligns with cooperative and collaborative learning?  Constructivism Which theory of learning most closely aligns with direct instruction?  Behaviorism In Ms. Martinez's 10th-grade science class, the students participated in a round-robin discussion that focused on whether astronauts will successfully land on Mars. During the discussion, Ms. Martinez made sure that each student had a chance to participate in the conversation and share their opinion with the group. According to Maslow, ensuring students were able to participate and share their opinions would fulfill which need?  love and belonging A teacher makes sure to say something positive to each student after they give their speech in class. Which need is the teacher trying to meet?  love and belonging Children at this age need frequent opportunities for physical activity, like a short walk to collect leaves to use in an art lesson or a "music and march" time to begin the day.  preschool You have noticed that a few of your preschool children do not seem to be engaged with the outdoor play equipment. What can you do to make the outdoor environment more appealing? Place jump ropes outside. Have a monkey bar set outside. Support children as they create their own games. Add bicycles to the toys outside.  Support children as they create their own games. Thomas was saddened to see a big letter F on his latest math test. Maslow would say Thomas is most likely deficient in which need? esteem Mr. Jackson's 5th grade Language Arts students created posters for a book they had read in class. After the posters were finished, Mr. Jackson hung the posters on the wall for all of the class to see. According to Maslow, hanging the posters on the wall would fulfill which need? esteem At which stage do children make slow and steady height and weight gains? middle childhood Mrs. Major jokes with her students that since they've all grown by at least 3 to 5 inches since the start of the school year they seem like different students. Given that her students are growing at an average rate of 4 inches a year, Mrs. Major's students are most likely in which age group? adolescence LaTonya is learning to sew and is becoming quite good at it. LaTonya is most likely working at which stage of physical development? middle childhood A student has become more concerned about her body image and her relationships with her peers. The child is most likely in which stage of physical development? adolescence A 4th grade teacher wants to give her students a science lesson that will help to develop their thinking skills. What activity would be most appropriate for students at this age, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Have students work on memorizing science vocabulary words by working in pairs with flashcards. Provide a short lesson on a science concept, and then have students create a concept map to show the connections between concepts. Demonstrate a science experiment that each student will complete, and then have them work on it, asking them to identify questions they may have. Assign students to groups to work on different science experiments and have them create a hypothesis for what they think the result will be. Demonstrate a science experiment that each student will complete, and then have them work on it, asking them to identify questions they may have. You walk into a classroom and observe the teacher moving children into heterogeneous groups of 4 or 5 to learn about different types of clouds. Whose theory is the teacher following? Vygotsky Organized patterns of actions and thoughts, such as kicking a football or realizing that there are many different types of footballs, or connecting memories of one family vacations with other family vacations, are defined by Piaget as schema Su Ahn smiles a lot, responds to her own name, recognizes herself in the mirror, and copies the actions of others. What age range is she likely in? Birth-2years old When you smile and talk back to your child in excitement after they make a babbling noise that sounds like Mama or Dada, you are using the concept of ____________ from Skinner's language development theory. Reinforcement A mother says to her three year old, "Oh no! You fell down. Did you get an owie?" Vygotsky would categorize this mother's conversation with her child as Working in the child's zone of proximal development By age 7, children can be expected to: Make jokes or tease others At what age can a child be expected to ask and answer simple questions and use pronouns, plurals, and rhyming words? 3-4 yrs Children between the ages of 3 to 6 years of age can be expected to: Tell a story At what age can children be expected to understand words of order and time and to use sentences that have more than one action word? 4-5 yrs At what age can a child be expected to point to body parts and to point to or name pictures in books? 1-2 yrs Ms. Weils notices one of her students is having issues with a memory deficit. When reading, the student often forgets what happened at the beginning of a paragraph and only remembers the end. In addition, while completing math problems, the student tends to forget the second and third steps of the sequence while working on the first step. What aspect of memory is likely affecting this student's learning and performance? working memory Geneviève returned to school after a week-long absence. You noticed she is acting more nervous and anxious than before she left, seems overly sensitive to being near other students, and needs extra time to complete classwork. This student may be experiencing the effects of which barrier to learning? trauma An inclusion student in high school has an IQ of 65, reads at a 4th grade level, and is very popular with her classmates. This student has likely been diagnosed with what cognitive disability? Intellectual disability A 4th-grade student has a mild intellectual disability and does not need regular, scheduled assistance. However, they do need support in new environments or in certain situations that may cause uncertainty or stress. What kind of support would be best for this student? Intermittent Eason, a middle school student, suffered a traumatic brain injury after experiencing a car accident while driving with his family. Which cognitive learning barrier are you NOT likely to encounter with this student? Problems trusting others' driving abilities Increased mental health problems, including depression and anxiety, decreased academic achievement, health complaints, loss of interest or decreased participation in school activities, and increased absenteeism are most likely to be experienced by: Children who are bullied. Language barriers involve all BUT which of the following? Problems producing speech sounds. Dave is only eight years old and has already been moved between several foster homes. As a result, he is likely to experience all BUT which of these barriers to development and learning? Being inattentive and unobservant to details. Trauma-informed teaching is an approach that can help teachers build better relationships, prevent conflicts, and more effectively teach students who have experienced trauma. Which of the following is NOT typically a potential sign of trauma? Increased euphoria or mania Mr. Borgeson has a student who often experiences slower mental, verbal, and physical responses than her peers, experiences headaches and mental fatigue, needs more time to understand the course material, and has difficulty expressing herself in speech and writing. What barrier does this student have? TBI Which of these is the best way for a teacher to accommodate students who lack proper nutrition? Provide information on free or reduced lunch. Sammy is in your 3rd grade Language Arts class and has been diagnosed with an intellectual disability. This week you will be reviewing how to set up an introduction paragraph. Given Sammy's intellectual disability, what is one accommodation you may use to support him during this lesson? repetition of directions During P.E. the teacher notices Cameron becomes easily upset and frustrated during kickball. When the other team cheers, Cameron begins yelling and has even thrown home plate. What is one accommodation the P.E. teacher could make to assist Cameron in reducing or eliminating his outbursts? Provide Cameron with a low-stress environment to go to Which of the following learning barriers requires specific supports with reading, spelling, and distinguishing differences in word-sound relationships? Dyslexia Ms. Steele notes that 90% of her students live in low socioeconomic status homes. Many of her students come from homes that lack electricity, water, or both. Given her students' background, what is an accommodation Ms. Steele can provide to help her student overcome their physical barriers? provide assistive technology As a result of an illness, one of your students has lost the use of her dominant hand. This has made it difficult to do tasks involving fine motor skills because she has to use her non-dominant hand. What is one accommodation that could help this student with her assignments? providing assistive technology Which of the following learning barriers requires specific supports for counting, numbers, and mathematical facts and procedures? Dyscalculia Students in Mr. Brown's classroom earn classroom bucks. They can use these bucks to buy extra computer time. This aligns to what theory? Behavioral Third grade students are using a computer- based program that helps increase reading comprehension. This aligns to what theory? Behavioral As you start your car and pull away from house, it begins to chime. This chime is a reminder that you haven't put your seatbelt on yet. This best illustrates: Negative Reinforcement A middle-school science teacher notices that his students are not working well together during lab experiments. How can he use a behaviorist approach to instruction in his classroom? Award extra-credit points to individuals who use good social skills during lab work Sara can often tell the mood of her mom by how her car door shuts when she gets home. If the door slams, she is upset. When this happens Sara can often feel her anxiety increase. If the door is closed gently, her mom is likely in a good mood. This gives Sara a more at-ease feeling. This continuous pairing of neutral stimulus with an outcome that creates a conditioned response is called.... Classical conditioning Justine has positive self-esteem and strongly believes that goodness and beauty exist in the world. In addition she hold individuals with a strong sense of humor in high regard. According to Maslow, Justine may be satisfying her need for Self-actualization Jim's teacher often allows students to share their views about various classroom issues. What theory does this align to. . . Constructivist Which theoretical approach to assessment would be most fitting to test students' problem-solving skills or new connections made with the material by using essays or some type of performance assessment? Cognitivist Ms. Jenga needs to show that her 5th-grade students know the material she taught for her Science Unit on Matter. What will help her determine whether her students knew this information? Learning Outcome During their interactive reading group activities, the students are explaining to each other what happened at the beginning, middle, and end of the stories they read. This falls under the _____________ level of Bloom's Revised Taxonomy. Understand The student in Mrs. Green's Language Arts Class have been reading To Kill A Mocking Bird. Students are asked to summarize what happens at the beginning of the book. At which level of Bloom's Taxonomy are students working? Understand Mr. Sheridan wants to assess strengths and weaknesses of his students' understanding of the unit on geology. Which type of assessment will he use? Criterion-referenced Mrs. Shaw's student, Heather, has been diagnosed with a learning disability. The school psychologist has determined she has dysgraphia, impacting her ability to write clearly. Which instructional technique and learning theory would best support this student's needs? Small groups, constructivist Mnemonics, information processing Motivation, humanistic Positive reinforcement, behavioral Positive reinforcement, behavioral Which of the following is an example of direct instruction? During a classroom discussion about kindness to others, a teacher uses a checklist to record the incidence of student's expressions of values that are compatible with kindness. High school students participate in an online discussion with peers about the effect that violence in schools has on their sense of security. Students practice solving two-digit multiplication problems while the teacher circulates among them, offering assistance and preventing off-task behavior when necessary. Students who are working on a term paper circulate independently among a variety of research materials, collecting the information they think is pertinent to their topic. Students practice solving two-digit multiplication problems while the teacher circulates among them, offering assistance and preventing off-task behavior when necessary. Accomodation Create // Change Piaget Schemes Assimilation Same // Similar Piaget Schemes Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages Sensorimotor (0-2) Pre-operational (2-7) Concrete Operational (7-11) Formal Operational (12+) Social Speech Talking out loud to others Private Speech Talking out loud to self Silent inner speech Talking inside our heads Erikson's Trust v Mistrust 0-1 Adults can be trusted, world is safe Erikson's Autonomy v Shame and Doubt 1-3 Establish independence Erikson's Initiative vs. Guilt 3-6 Plan and achieve goals, find purpose Erikson's Industry vs. Inferiority 6-12 Compare self to peers Pride & Accomplishment Erikson's Identity vs. Role Confusion Sense of Self Goals & future Erikson's Intimacy vs Isolation Find friends & life partners Share life with others Bandura's ARRM Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Pre-Conventional All about me, PRE = punishment and reward Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Conventional All about rules, approval of others & blind acceptance Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Post-Conventional All about others, ST=STupid laws and social justice 4 Stages of Physical Development Infant (0-2) Early Childhood (2-6) Middle Childhood (6-10) Adolescence (10-18) 4 stages of language development 1. Babbling or Pre-Language State (0-6 months) 2. Holophrastic One-Word Stage (11-19 months) 3. Two-Word Stage (13-24 months) 4. Telegraphic Stage (18-27 months) Behavioralist Teacher-directed, basic skills and mastery, behavior modification (conditioning) Constructivist Student-centered, building knowledge, learning and interacting together Cognitivist Information Processing and Social Cognitivist: Memory and self efficacy, mnemonics, concept mapping, chunking, and metacognitive knowledge/skills Humanistic Feelings, emotions, self-perception, motivation (Maslow's heirarchy of needs), student choice, growth mindset Maslow's Self Actualization personal growth and fulfillment Maslow's Esteem Independence & respect Maslow's Love and Belonging Relationships & trust Maslow's Safety Freedom from fear Maslow's Physiological Biological needs: food, water, shelter, clothes, etc. Formative Assessments Check FOR learning During instruction Feedback for student learning and reteaching Summative Assessments SUM of learning, after instruction, for a grade, measures student achievement Norm-Referenced Compares scores to each other, bell curve, how well you did compared to how well you could've done Criterion-Referenced Based on standards/criteria, reports strengths & weaknesses, like OAs Types of Performance Assessments Portfolios, prompt response, exhibitions, demonstrations Types of Written Assessments Selected response: Multiple Choice, t/f, matching Constructed response: short answer, essay T/F Vygotsky believed that speech and thought are interdependent True T/F Piaget believed that speech and thought are interdependent False Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device every child is born with the innate ability to acquire language Chomsky's Universal Grammar there are certain grammatical rules all human languages share Who believed language is innate and instinctive? Chomsky Which stage of Skinner's Language Development: Seeing a sibling asking for an apple and then asking for one Imitating Which stage of Skinner's Language Development: A parent might ask, "do you want an apple?" Prompting Which stage of Skinner's Language Development: A parent might affirm and refine a child's response: "Yes, that's a fruit. It's an apple. Did you want it?" Shaping 3 Steps to Process of Language Development (Skinner) Imitating, Prompting, Shaping T/F Skinner believed language is a learned behavior True Examples of Intrinsic Barriers Brain/thinking issues, deaf, blind, no use of legs Examples of Extrinsic Barriers Food insecurities, no transportation, no access to internet, homelessness, poverty, etc. General Intelligence Spearman: g factor, one type of intelligence Primary Mental Abilities Thurstone: 7 primary abilities Multiple Intelligences Gardner: Many types of intelligences all different from each other Sternberg's Triarchic Theory CAP: Creative, Analytical, and Practical components of our intelligence Crystalized intelligence Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; increase or stay the same as we get older. Our basic facts and vocabulary. Keep throughout life. (Months of year, basic addition facts, etc.) fluid intelligence Reason quickly and abstractly; decreases as we get older. Ability to problem solve and think fast. (Problem solving skills, ability to speak and reason quickly, think abstractly) Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) stimulus and response Operant Conditioning (Skinner) reinforcement and punishment Positive Punishment adding something unpleasant positive reinforcement adding something pleasant negative punishment taking away something pleasant negative reinforcement taking away something unpleasant Sensory Memory When you first interact with the information in your environment with all of your senses. Working Memory Short-term memory: Whatever you're thinking about right at this moment, defined by quantity Long-term memory store a lot of information. 2 categories: explicit (facts/events described explicitly) and implicit (things not articulated perfectly) Unlimited storage Echoic Memory Sound Iconic Memory Sight / Visual Metacognition thinking about thinking Explicit Memory Facts/Events you can clearly describe Implicit Memory Events you may not be able to articulate clearly Humanistic Motivation Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations lead to growth and a growth mindset Intrinsic Motivation Based on internal factors, what you like to do and what makes you happy Extrinsic Motivation Based on external factors, like money, rewards, obligations, or approval Station Rotation Smaller learning communities in larger class. Horizontal lesson plan. Lab Rotation students rotate on a fixed schedule, but learning is in a computer lab Flex Model Questions, collaboration, and thinking inspired by access to resources (space, technology, whiteboards, etc.) Social Constructivism Vygotsky - Ideas are constructed through interaction with the teacher and other students Cognitive Constructivism Piaget - Ideas are constructed in individuals through a personal process Bloom's Revised Taxonomy remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, creating Diagnostic Assessment Pretest to inform teacher's lesson planning, learning objectives, and identify areas that need more/less time, identify strengths/gaps in learning Formative Assessment Checks for understanding and guides instruction with feedback on student learning Summative Assessment Allows to draw judgement at that moment someone has learned, with lots of options Objective Assessment O=One right answer Subjective Assessment S=Squishy, need a rubric, slightly different answers possible What learning theories did BF Skinner follow? Behaviorism What learning theories did Jean Piaget follow? Cognitivist Constructivism What learning theory did William G Perry follow? Cognitivism What learning theory did Vygotsky follow? Social Constructivism How long do adolescents sustain attention for? 15-20 mins What learning theory does Information Processing fall under? Cognitivist Cooperative vs Collaborative Learning: which is student-led and which is teacher-led? Cooperative - teacher led Collaborative - student led [Show More]

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