SOCL 2001 sociology test bank 2019/2020 – Louisiana State University | SOCL2001 sociology test bank 2019/2020

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SOCL 2001 sociology test bank 2019/2020 – Louisiana State University 340+ pages of multiple choice questions Chapter 1 Multiple Choice 1. As defined by C. Wright Mills, which of the following ... “enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society”? a. formal sociology b. sociological imagination c. microsociology d. macrosociology ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 5 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociological Imagination 2. Feeling discomfort about rural Chinese society, where many generations of a family sleep in the same bed, is known as: a. xenophobia. b. Verstehen. c. social identity. d. social ecology. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 6–7 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sociological Imagination 3. How does the textbook author use dialogue from Pulp Fiction, in which the characters discuss how in Holland people put mayonnaise on their french fries? a. to introduce the sociology of film b. to explain the sociological imagination c. to explain social institutions d. to define formal sociology ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 7 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sociological Imagination 4. A female manager is attempting to climb her way to the top of the corporate ladder. She works as hard, if not harder, than her male colleagues, but nothing she seems to do helps her advance. She begins to notice that males are being promoted, but females tend to be overlooked for advancements. The realization that many women in her circumstance are experiencing the same discrimination is an example of: a. anomie. b. Verstehen. c. sociological imagination. d. social cohesion. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 5 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sociological Imagination 5. Sociologists and economists have shown that the benefits of higher education include higher median incomes for college graduates. This is known as: a. educational investment. b. the returns to schooling. c. study hard or be poor. d. get an education; get a job. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 8 TOP: Factual OBJ: Returns to Schooling 6. After doing some sociological math, what is the net difference between the annual earnings of the average high school versus college graduate? a. about $5,000 per year b. about $10,000 per year c. about $15,000 per year d. about $50,000 per year ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 9 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Returns to Schooling 7. According to Randall Collins’s (1979) research, the expansion of higher education is: a. mainly caused by the globalization of capitalism. b. likely caused by less-prepared high school students entering college. c. a result of credentialism and expenditures on formal education. d. a result of increasing governmental interference in educational funding. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 11 TOP: Factual OBJ: Credentialism 8. According to research used to question credentialism, what might it cost to buy a college diploma online? a. $29.95 b. $99.99 c. $250.00 d. at least $1,000 ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 11 TOP: Factual OBJ: Credentialism 9. In today’s society, Randall Collins might suggest that getting a “piece of paper” is more important to many than actually having the knowledge to do a job. He calls the priority placed on formal education: a. secondary education. b. credentialism. c. normlessness. d. xenophobia. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 11 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Credentialism 10. All of the following are examples of social institutions used to prevent websites from undermining colleges’ degree-conferring abilities EXCEPT: a. copyright law. b. police forces. c. employers. d. families. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 11 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Institutions 11. Which of the following is defined as a set of stories embedded within a social network about the standard ways a society meets its needs? a. a social identity b. a social institution c. a theory d. anomie ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 12 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Institutions 12. The author of your text states that the most age-segregated social institution in our society is: a. a hospital. b. a mental institution. c. a prison. d. a four-year college. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 12 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Institutions 13. A family, as a group of people living together sharing individual stories, makes up a(n): a. social institution. b. conflict institution. c. anomic institution. d. creative institution. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Page 13 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Social Institutions 14. The Phillip Morris Company changed its name to Altira in an attempt to start a new: a. line of cigarettes. b. defense against law suits. c. social identity. d. multinational company. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 13 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Identity 15. The “grand narrative” that constitutes a social identity: a. is nothing more than a sum of individual stories told between pairs of individuals. b. remains the same throughout time. c. can only be defined by the individual him- or herself. d. is best displayed online on MySpace and Facebook. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 13 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Social Identity 16. As a formal field, sociology is a relatively ____________ discipline, as discussed in Chapter 1. a. old b. established c. young d. conservative ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 15 TOP: Factual OBJ: Early Sociological Theory 17. Who was the author of the first methods book in the discipline of sociology? a. Emile Durkheim b. Harriet Martineau c. Jane Addams d. Max Weber ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 18 TOP: Factual OBJ: August Comte and Harriet Martineau 18. In the book How to Observe Morals and Manners, the institution of marriage is criticized as: a. based on an assumption of the inferiority of women. b. based on an assumption of the inferiority of men. c. reinforcing compulsory heterosexuality. d. perpetuating social class stratification. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 18 TOP: Factual OBJ: August Comte and Harriet Martineau | Feminist Theory 19. Which of the following sociologists developed the theory of positivism? a. Auguste Comte b. Emile Durkheim c. Karl Marx d. Max Weber ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 15 TOP: Factual OBJ: Positivism 20. Positivism is best defined as: a. the idea that we can scientifically and logically study social institutions and the individuals within them. b. the effect of religion on social institutions and the individuals within them. c. the study of the symbolic interactions between social institutions and the individuals within them. d. the relationship between scientific and religious social institutions. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Page 16 TOP: Factual OBJ: Positivism 21. According to Comte, positivism arose out of a need to make ____________ sense of the social order in a time of declining religious authority. a. scientific b. moral c. rational d. economic ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 16 TOP: Factual OBJ: Positivism 22. The person that is often considered to be the founding father of positivism is: a. Émile Durkheim. b. Karl Marx. c. Georg Simmel. d. George Herbert Mead. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 23 TOP: Factual OBJ: Positivism 23. All of the following are known as the three epistemological stages of human society, as explained by Comte, EXCEPT: a. the theological stage. b. the metaphysical stage. c. the scientific stage. d. the post-scientific stage. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Pages 16–17 TOP: Factual OBJ: Epistemological Stages 24. Which of the three historical epistemological stages of human society did Comte explain was highlighted by Enlightenment thinking such as Rousseau’s, Mill’s, and Hobbes’s beliefs in biological causes for human behavior? a. the theological stage b. the metaphysical stage c. the scientific stage d. the post-scientific stage ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 17 TOP: Factual OBJ: Epistemological Stages 25. Which of the three historical epistemological stages of human society did Comte claim was characterized by the development of social physics to explain human behavior? a. the theological stage b. the metaphysical stage c. the scientific stage d. the post-scientific stage ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 17 TOP: Factual OBJ: Epistemological Stages 26. Which of the three historical epistemological stages did Comte argue would explain human society by consulting the Bible or other religious texts? a. the theological stage b. the metaphysical stage c. the scientific stage d. the post-scientific stage ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 16 TOP: Factual OBJ: Epistemological Stages 27. Which of the following are known as “the founding fathers of the sociological discipline”? a. Comte, Martineau, and Marx b. Martineau, Addams, and Weber c. Durkheim, Marx, and Weber d. Cooley, Park, and Mead ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 18 TOP: Factual OBJ: Classical Sociology 28. Which of the following founders of sociology is known, in part, for having his writings become the basis of Communism? a. Auguste Comte b. Émile Durkheim c. Karl Marx d. Max Weber ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 19 TOP: Factual OBJ: Karl Marx 29. To Marx, conflict between a small number of capitalists and a large number of workers would divide society. He referred to this large number of workers as: a. employees. b. proletariat. c. subordinates. d. slaves. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 20 TOP: Factual OBJ: Karl Marx 30. Karl Marx would argue that the types of social institutions in a society were the result of the economic makeup of that society. Max Weber, however, argued that: a. there are no social institutions in a society. b. there are multiple influences (e.g., religion) on how social institutions are created. c. social institutions are not influenced by the economy, but by the individuals in them. d. the epistemological stage of that society influenced the social institutions. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 21 TOP: Applied OBJ: Karl Marx | Max Weber 31. Who criticized Marx for focusing exclusively on economics and social class as explanations for human behavior, and advocated sociological analyses that allowed for multiple influences? a. Auguste Comte b. Harriet Martineau c. Georg Simmel d. Max Weber ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 21 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber 32. Who wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism? a. Karl Marx b. Georg Simmel c. Harriet Martineau d. Max Weber ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 21 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber 33. The author of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism argued that sociologists should study social behavior from the perspective of the people engaging in it. This is known as: a. functionalism. b. historical materialism. c. xenophobia. d. Verstehen. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 21 TOP: Factual OBJ: Verstehen 34. Max Weber would say we need to understand, from their perspective, not from our own, why many generations of Chinese sleep together in rural China. He called this: a. anomie. b. normlessness. c. Verstehen. d. positivism. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 21 TOP: Applied OBJ: Verstehen 35. Which of the following is the study of social meanings that emphasizes subjectivity in understanding human behavior? a. interpretive sociology b. formal sociology c. social ecology d. positivism ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 21 TOP: Factual OBJ: Interpretive Sociology 36. The Division of Labor in Society was the first of many sociological contributions from: a. Auguste Comte. b. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. d. Max Weber. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 22 TOP: Factual OBJ: Émile Durkheim 37. According to the theory of social solidarity, the division of labor in a society helps to determine: a. the sociological contribution of individuals. b. the way urbanism affects the cohesion of individuals. c. the way social cohesion among individuals is maintained. d. the way social norms are created and maintained. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 22–23 TOP: Factual OBJ: Émile Durkheim 38. Which of the following sociologists wrote Suicide in 1897? a. Auguste Comte b. Émile Durkheim c. Karl Marx d. Max Weber ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 23 TOP: Factual OBJ: Émile Durkheim 39. According to Suicide, one of the main social forces leading to suicide is a sense of normlessness that results from drastic changes in society. This normlessness was called: a. anomie. b. the division of labor. c. social solidarity. d. functionalism. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 23 TOP: Factual OBJ: Anomie 40. American sociology in the United States began at which of the following universities? a. American University b. University of Chicago c. New York University (NYU) d. Columbia University ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 24 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Chicago School 41. The basic premise of the Chicago School was that human behaviors and personalities are shaped by social and physical environments. This is known as: a. formal sociology. b. interpretive sociology. c. social ecology. d. Verstehen. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 24 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Chicago School 42. Which early U.S. sociologist told other sociologists in the Chicago School to “go out and get the seats of [their] pants dirty in real research”? a. Charles H. Cooley b. George H. Mead c. Robert Park d. Louis Wirth ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 24 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Chicago School 43. The Chicago School’s main laboratory for sociological research was: a. the city of Chicago itself. b. the second floor of the University of Chicago’s dormitories. c. the state of Illinois. d. the states of Illinois and Ohio. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 24 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Chicago School 44. According to your textbook’s author, Chicago School researcher Louis Wirth’s essay, “Urbanism as a Way of Life,” might be classified as which of the following today? a. cultural sociology b. formal sociology c. interpretive sociology d. historical materialism ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Page 24 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Chicago School 45. “If men define situations as real they are real in their consequences” is the theory of which of the following Chicago School theorists? a. Robert Park b. Charles H. Cooley c. George H. Mead d. W. I. Thomas ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 25 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Chicago School 46. The Chicago School was a good place to study community-based social ecology. Why? a. The residents were closely related and could communicate with each other easily. b. The population was rapidly growing due to foreign immigration and the influx of African Americans from the rural South. c. Industrialization was waning in Chicago during this time, and this caused high rates of poverty and crime. d. The divorce rate in Chicago at the time was double that of other large cities. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 24 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: The Chicago School 47. Charles H. Cooley argued that the “self” emerges from how an individual interacts with others and then interprets those interactions. He calls this: a. the looking-glass self. b. the social self. c. the generalized other. d. the significant other. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 25 TOP: Factual OBJ: Looking-Glass Self 48. George H. Mead described how the “self” internalizes the views of society as a whole, transcending the individual and particular situations. He calls this larger society: a. the significant other. b. the generalized other. c. the looking-glass self. d. the social self. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 25 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Generalized Other 49. The Chicago School’s Jane Addams founded the first American settlement house, an institution to help the poor by offering aid, educational services, and more. This house is known as: a. the Chicago School. b. the Addams House. c. the Hull House. d. the University of Chicago. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 27 TOP: Factual OBJ: Jane Addams 50. Which of the following was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University? a. W. E. B. Du Bois b. Jane Addams c. Oprah Winfrey d. Barack Obama ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 25 TOP: Factual OBJ: W. E. B. Du Bois 51. Which of the following applied Durkheim’s theory of anomie to explain crime rates among African Americans after the abolition of slavery in the United States? a. W. E. B. Du Bois b. Jane Addams c. Robert Park d. Charles H. Cooley ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 26 TOP: Factual OBJ: W. E. B. Du Bois 52. A white person goes into an upscale shop to look at clothes. (S)he is excited to see that there is a sale and gathers a huge pile of clothes to take into the dressing room. An African American goes into the store and is excited about the sale, but hesitates to take many clothes into the dressing room, afraid that staff will think he or she might shoplift. W. E. B. Du Bois would say that the African American has: a. prejudice. b. low self-esteem. c. double consciousness. d. a negative self-image. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 26 TOP: Applied OBJ: Double Consciousness 53. Which of the following modern sociological theories states that the best way to analyze society is to identify the purpose that different aspects or phenomena play in the overall structure of society? a. postmodernism b. feminism c. conflict theory d. functionalism ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Page 27 TOP: Applied OBJ: Functionalism 54. The intended purpose of desegregation of schools in the 1950s was to make education equal for everyone. What was not intended was that many racial minority teachers and principals lost their jobs. This unintended purpose was called a(n) ____________ function by functionalist theorist Talcott Parsons. a. unintended b. manifest c. mistaken d. latent ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 27 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Manifest and Latent Functions 55. In contrast to functionalism, which modern sociological theory borrows from Marx’s belief that competition, not consensus, is the essential cause of social change? a. conflict theory b. feminism c. postmodernism d. midrange theory ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 28 TOP: Factual OBJ: Conflict Theory 56. The functionalist paradigm went largely unchallenged in the United States until around the 1950s. C. Wright Mills criticized Talcott Parsons for: a. spending too much time on the negative aspects of society. b. supporting the dominant class structure and the inequalities associated with it. c. addressing only the inequalities of classes. d. focusing on small-scale personal interactions and not the “whole picture.” ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 28 TOP: Factual OBJ: Conflict Theory 57. The two words that might describe the difference between conflict theory and functionalism are: a. competition versus consensus. b. microsociology versus macrosociology. c. meaning versus understanding. d. feminist versus Marxist. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Page 29 TOP: Applied OBJ: Conflict Theory | Functionalism 58. Which feminist sociologist wrote Sex, Gender, and Society (1972), in which she or he argued that much of what we attribute to biological sex differences can actually be traced to learned behaviors and socialization? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. Ann Oakley d. W. E. B. Du Bois ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 29 TOP: Factual OBJ: Feminist Theory 59. Which modern sociological theory examines how power relationships are defined, shaped, and reproduced on the basis of gender differences? a. feminism b. functionalism c. human sexuality d. midrange theory ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 29 TOP: Factual OBJ: Feminist Theory 60. Which modern sociological theory explains social behavior by examining the meanings that social signals and signs represent to individuals? a. feminism b. functionalism c. symbolic interactionism d. postmodernism ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 29–30 TOP: Factual OBJ: Symbolic Interactionism 61. What do symbolic interactionists study? a. midrange theory b. postmodernism c. functionalism d. shared meaning ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 30 TOP: Factual OBJ: Symbolic Interactionism 62. Erving Goffman used the language of theater to describe how people present themselves in everyday social life. This is known as: a. sui generis b. dramaturgical theory c. functionalism d. stage theory ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 30 TOP: Factual OBJ: Dramaturgical Theory 63. Which of the following modern sociological theories argues that there are no shared, objective meanings? a. feminism b. conflict theory c. postmodernism d. functionalism ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 30 TOP: Factual OBJ: Postmodernism 64. Postmodern sociologists argue that all so-called objective phenomena are open to debate because all meaning is subjective. Thus, to postmodernists, all “facts” are really: a. social constructs. b. myths. c. lies. d. propaganda. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Page 30 TOP: Applied OBJ: Postmodernism 65. Some postmodern sociologists work to show us how all social phenomena are created arbitrarily by people with varying degrees of power. This is known as: a. social ecology. b. anomie. c. Verstehen. d. deconstructing. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Page 30 TOP: Factual OBJ: Postmodernism 66. Native Americans may see the history of the United States differently than white Europeans. Which theory is concerned with the fact that history may be interpreted differently by these dissimilar groups? a. midrange theory b. postmodernism c. symbolic interactionism d. functionalism ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 30 TOP: Applied OBJ: Postmodernism 67. Robert Merton’s modern sociological theory focused on attempting to predict how certain social institutions function between microsociology and macrosociology. This is known as: a. midrange theory. b. a compromise. c. centralism. d. postmodernism. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 30–31 TOP: Factual OBJ: Midrange Theory 68. In the discipline of history, focusing on historical figures such as Adolf Hitler is known as: a. “great man” theories. b. people’s histories. c. historiography. d. historical materialism. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 32 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology and Its Cousins 69. Explaining unique cases is the focus of most historians, whereas the comparative method is the staple of the sociologist. This comparative method is also known as: a. people’s histories. b. the nomothetic approach. c. counterfactual. d. historiography. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 32 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology and Its Cousins 70. Which area within the discipline of anthropology is most similar to sociology? a. physical anthropology b. cultural anthropology c. genetic anthropology d. forensic anthropology ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 33 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology and Its Cousins 71. In sociology’s “cousin,” psychology, the focus is on the individual. In sociology, the focus is above or beyond the individual, on group-level dynamics and social structures. This is known as: a. intra-individual b. inter-individual c. supra-individual d. super-individual ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 35 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology and Its Cousins 72. The examination of human behavior within a rational actor model is the focus of which of the following “cousins” of sociology? a. anthropology b. economics c. psychology d. the biological sciences ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 35 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology and Its Cousins 73. Sociology is the study of: a. how urges, drives and the mind can account for human behavior. b. group-level dynamics and social structures. c. the underlying variation or causal mechanisms within the biological nature of individuals. d. humans as rational utility maximizers. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 35 Factual OBJ: Sociology and Its Cousins 74. While historians are more likely to focus on the unique case, sociologists would more likely focus on: a. competition. b. inequalities resulting from history. c. commonalities. d. small scale interactions. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 32 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology and Its Cousins 75. Economists tend to see humans as ____________, but sociologists would tend to include ____________: a. irrational actors; deceit. b. rational actors; emotional motivations. c. emotional actors; rationality. d. emotional actors; emotionlessness ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 36 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology and Its Cousins 76. Which of the following focuses its analyses on face-to-face encounters and interactions? a. microsociology b. macrosociology c. social ecology d. cultural sociology ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 37 TOP: Factual OBJ: Microsociology versus Macrosociology 77. Which of the following focuses its analyses on larger social dynamics at the societal and structural levels? a. microsociology b. macrosociology c. social ecology d. social psychology ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 38 TOP: Factual OBJ: Microsociology versus Macrosociology 78. Perhaps the largest division within the discipline of sociology exists between which of the following? a. interpretive and positivist sociology b. qualitative and quantitative sociology c. functionalist and feminist sociology d. conflict and symbolic interactionist sociology ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Page 37 TOP: Applied OBJ: Divisions within Sociology Chapter 2 Multiple Choice 1. The two broad approaches social scientists use to gather data about the social world are: a. deductive and inductive. b. qualitative and quantitative. c. implicit and explicit. d. correlational and causal. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Pages 42–43 TOP: Factual OBJ: Research Methods 2. A sociologist’s subject matter presents some difficult research problems of a kind that natural scientists rarely have to deal with. Which of the following does NOT describe such a problem? a. A sociologists is part of the very subject he or she is studying. b. For ethical reasons, it is not permissible to do particular kinds of studies on people. c. It is possible to have completely controlled experiments to delineate cause and effect relationships. d. The causes of social behavior are usually multiple, complex, and intricate. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 67 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Research Methods 3. Norm is interested in whether pet owners are more likely than those who do not own pets to have healthier lifestyles (excercise regularly, drink moderately, refrain from nicotine use, etc.). By comparing the numbers he gathers on both groups, Norm will most likely be using what particular research method? a. quantitative b. inductive c. deductive d. qualitative ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 42 TOP: Applied OBJ: Quantitative Research 4. The research method that uses statistical analysis to describe the social world is: a. qualitative research. b. quantitative research. c. deductive research. d. inductive research. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 42 TOP: Factual OBJ: Quantitative Research 5. What type of research describes people’s behavior in rich detail and focuses on the meanings people give to their actions? a. inductive research b. qualitative research c. quantitative research d. deductive research ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 43 TOP: Factual OBJ: Qualitative Research 6. Elizabeth would like to conduct a study to determine how women define spousal abuse and the meanings they attach to their abuse. What research method will Elizabeth most likely use? a. quantitative b. inductive c. qualitative d. deductive ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 43 TOP: Applied OBJ: Qualitative Research 7. If Kate begins her research with a theory, then forms hypotheses and makes some observations, what method is she using? a. independent b. dependent c. inductive d. deductive ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 43 TOP: Applied OBJ: Deductive Approach 8. Which of the following describes the deductive approach to research? a. A researcher makes some observations, and based on these observations develops a theory. b. A researcher develops some hypotheses to explain a correlation observed between two variables. c. A researcher starts with a theory, forms hypotheses, makes observations, and then analyzes the data. d. A researcher develops some hypotheses that lead to a theory about human behavior. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 43 TOP: Factual OBJ: Deductive Approach 9. Which approach to sociological research starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory? a. statistical b. observational c. inductive d. deductive ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 43 TOP: Factual OBJ: Inductive Approach 10. Paula begins to notice there are patterns to where people sit on the bus, and that these patterns differ depending on whether the rider is male or female. Based on these observations she generates larger ideas (theories) about why men and women differ. This is an example of which kind of research approach? a. deductive b. inductive c. quantitative d. a case study ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 43 TOP: Applied OBJ: Inductive Approach 11. Which of the following is an example of a correlation? a. People who work harder have higher income. b. People with better health work harder. c. The more income a person makes, the easier it is to retire. d. People with higher levels of income tend to enjoy better overall health. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 44 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Correlation 12. A correlation is: a. a change in one variable that is caused by another. b. a simultaneous change in two variables. c. a relationship between two moderating variables. d. a relationship between cause and effect. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 44 TOP: Factual OBJ: Correlation 13. When one factor is said to influence another factor, we refer to this as: a. correlation. b. association. c. causation. d. mediation. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 46 TOP: Factual OBJ: Causality 14. All of the following are factors needed to establish causality EXCEPT: a. correlation. b. time order. c. ruling out alternative explanations. d. panel study results. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 46 TOP: Factual OBJ: Causality 15. Which of the following is more difficult to do in social science research? a. to say that two things change at the same time b. to establish that something is the cause of something else c. to argue that two things are related d. to propose a relationship between two variables ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 46 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Causality 16. Martine is a sociologist who thinks that A is causing B, when in fact, B is causing A. She needs to be careful to not make the mistake known as: a. operationalization. b. reverse causality. c. deduction. d. induction. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 47 TOP: Applied OBJ: Reverse Causality 17. In establishing causation, it helps to know which variable precedes the other in time. If not, it is easy to make a mistake involving: a. reverse causality. b. spurious causality. c. alternative explanations. d. time order. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Page 47 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reverse Causality 18. Andy hypothesized that the stress created during economic downturns would increase the probablility of spousal abuse. Stress would be considered the ____________ variable, and spousal abuse would be considered the ____________ variable. a. dependent; independent b. key; affected c. moderating; dependent d. independent; dependent ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 48 TOP: Applied OBJ: Variables 19. Professor Clayton hypothesizes that travel to other countries increases students’ abilities to do well in advanced sociology classes. Which variable is the independent variable? a. Professor Clayton b. travel to other countries c. other cultures d. students’ abilities ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 48 TOP: Applied OBJ: Variables 20. Factors that affect the relationship between an independent and dependent variable are known as: a. operationalized variables. b. moderating variables. c. mediating variables. d. spurious variables. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 49 TOP: Factual OBJ: Variables 21. A variable that is thought to be influenced by another variable is known as the: a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. key independent variable d. spurious variable ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 48 TOP: Factual OBJ: Dependent Variables 22. A variable that is thought to cause a change in another variable is called the: a. dependent variable. b. independent variable. c. spurious variable. d. intervening variable. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 48 TOP: Factual OBJ: Independent Variables 23. A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is called a(n): a. operationalization. b. reliability. c. hypothesis. d. natural experiment. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 48 TOP: Factual OBJ: Hypothesis 24. To define a term (or variable) in such a way so that it can be examined and measured is the process known as: a. survey construction. b. hypothesizing. c. causal connection. d. operationalization. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 48 TOP: Factual OBJ: Operationalization 25. If Jose’s study measures religiosity by the number of hours people spend in organized religous activities, while Deidra’s study measures religiosity by whether people agree or disagree that religion plays an important part in their life, Jose and Deidra: a. will not be able to compare their research findings. b. operationalize their concepts of religion differently. c. have different hypotheses about the role of religion in their study. d. have very different independent and dependent variables. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 48 TOP: Applied OBJ: Operationalization 26. When a researcher is successful at measuring what (s)he intends to measure, this is called: a. validity. b. reliability. c. response rate. d. generalizability. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 50 TOP: Factual OBJ: Validity 27. In her study, Darby is using church membership as an indicator of how religious a person is. She discovers that some “very religious” people rarely attend church. Darby may conclude that: a. religiosity is a dependent variable. b. her measure of religiosity lacks validity. c. church attendance is a reliable indicator. d. there is reverse causality between church attendance and religion. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 50 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Validity 28. A standard yardstick measures 36 inches, but Sarah is using a “faulty” yardstick (one that measures 40 inches long) to measure the campers in her youth group. Sarah will not get a(n) ____________ indication of height, but she will have a(n) ____________ measure of height. a. reliable; valid b. consistent; accurate c. valid; reliable d. accurate; generalizable ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 50 TOP: Applied OBJ: Validity | Reliability 29. The likelihood that a researcher will obtain the same result using the same measures the next time she or he tests a hypothesis is: a. validity. b. reliability. c. response rate. d. generalizability. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 50 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reliability 30. The more consistent the results given by repeated measurements, the higher the ____________ of the measurement procedure (and vice versa). a. reliability b. validity c. efficiency d. responsiveness ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 50 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reliability 31. The extent to which a researcher can claim that his or her findings explain a larger population than was studied is known as: a. validity. b. reliability. c. responsiveness. d. generalizability. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 50 TOP: Factual OBJ: Generalizability 32. Based on the results of a representative sample of students at his high school, Jack claims that “the majority of high school students today believe premarital sex is wrong.” Jack may be “speaking beyond his data” since the results he obtained may not easily translate to the attitudes of other high school students across the United States. This concern addresses the study’s: a. validity. b. generalizability. c. reliability. d. reflexivity. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 50 TOP: Applied OBJ: Generalizability 33. If Sandra wants to generalize the findings of her study to another (possibly larger) population, it is important that the people in her study be: a. randomly selected from the populaton she wants to generalize to. b. varied in their characteristics so that there will be no problems. c. aware of her intentions, so the study will be valid and reliable. d. representative of the group(s) she wants to generalize to. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 50 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Generalizability 34. Because they are an accessible population, sociologists sometimes use undergraduate students in their research. In relation to the concept of generalizability in science, this tendency could represent a potential defect in research because: a. college undergraduates do not have the right to refuse without suffering negative consequences. b. the experiences of college undergraduates do not provide a legitimate empirical resource. c. college undergraduates are not a subset of the general population. d. college undergraduates are not typical of the public at large. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Page 53 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Generalizability 35. Ethnographer Mitchell Duneier spent five years hanging out with booksellers on the streets of Manhattan. His role as both researcher and participant provides a great example of the importance of: a. maintaining firm boundaries between the role of researcher and the role of participant. b. staying true to the ethical principles of the scientific method in our research. c. critically assessing how our role as reseachers may affect the people we study. d. maintaining distance from those we study so that our results are not contaminated. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 51, 54 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Researcher’s Role 36. What is the meaning of the term “white coat” effects in social research? a. the structuring of a research project to maintain total anonymity b. the impact researchers may have on the people/relationships they study c. the change in subject’s behavior when researchers wear white coats d. when researchers “put on the charm” to get compliance from their subjects ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 50 TOP: Factual OBJ: Experimenter Effects 37. If Juanita practices ____________ in her research, she carefully considers how her role as researcher may affect those that she studies (the researched). a. reflexivity b. selective attention c. empathy d. common sense ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 50 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reflexivity 38. Which of the following is true regarding value judgments made by sociologists conducting research? a. It is possible for a sociologist to remain value-free. b. It is not important for a sociologist to remain value-free. c. Value judgments and subjectivity lead to better research. d. Every sociologist makes some value judgments, even about the problems and topics he or she chooses to study. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Page 54 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Value Judgments in Research 39. Perhaps the most important outcome of feminist methodology is that: a. it provides new and unique techniques for gathering data. b. the focus on women’s experiences, in addition to men’s experiences, has increased the generalizability of the research. c. it has created new jobs for women in research. d. it prioritizes women and girls over men and boys. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 54 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Feminist Methodology 40. Sandra Harding’s (1987) three elements of feminist research include all of the following EXCEPT: a. treating women’s experiences as legitimate in the field of sociology, which has always been male-dominated. b. engaging in social science that may lead to policy changes. c. prioritizing women’s and girls’ experiences over men’s and boys’ experiences. d. taking into account the researcher as much as the overt subject matter being studied. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 55 TOP: Factual OBJ: Feminist Methodology 41. One of the positive outcomes of sociology’s long-term male dominance is: a. the evolution of feminist methodology to complement it and add to the scientific accumulation of knowledge. b. that sociology is now a female-dominated profession. c. that male sociologists have now turned all of their attention to creating equality in the discipline. d. that sociology remains a male-dominated field. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 54 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Feminist Methodology 42. Positivist sociologists tend to use which of the following types of measures? a. quantitative b. qualitative c. spurious d. invalid ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 57 TOP: Factual OBJ: Theory and Research 43. Interpretive sociologists examine meanings attached to behaviors. This leads them to use which of the following measures most commonly? a. quantitative b. qualitative c. spurious d. invalid ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 57 TOP: Factual OBJ: Theory and Research 44. Sandra is doing research on cheating among students at Duke University. The student body at Duke will serve as her: a. sample. b. population. c. random sample. d. fieldwork. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 52 TOP: Applied OBJ: Population 45. Charles is a sociologist studying a population of gay fathers in the United States. He interviews 200 men in his data collection. These 200 men comprise what researchers call a: a. census. b. selection bias. c. sample. d. participant observation. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 52 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sample 46. The subset of a population from which a researcher collects data is known as a: a. census. b. selection bias. c. sample. d. survey. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 52 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sample 47. A(n) ____________ is an in-depth look at a specific phenomenon or situation in a particular social setting, and is common in qualitative research. a. experiment. b. case study. c. survey. d. participant observation. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 53 TOP: Factual OBJ: Case Studies 48. If a sociologist studies one high school in a study of the effectiveness of its Parent-Teacher Association, he or she is using which of the following research methods? a. an experiment b. a case study c. a panel study d. content analysis ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 53 TOP: Applied OBJ: Case Studies 49. All of the following are strengths of the case study method EXCEPT that it is: a. useful for obtaining very detailed information. b. a useful starting point for exploring new topics. c. useful for creating large-scale generalizations. d. useful for understanding causal mechanisms indicated in large-scale surveys. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 53 TOP: Factual OBJ: Case Studies 50. Although qualitative studies are rich in detail and offer an in-depth look at a particular population and/or phenomenon, due to their limited scope they sometimes suffer from low: a. validity. b. generalizability. c. representativeness. d. reliability. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 53 TOP: Factual OBJ: Case Studies 51. Mitchell Duneier’s study of homeless men on New York City’s Sixth Avenue involved hanging out with his research subjects to collect data. This type of methodology is known as: a. participant observation. b. a case study. c. a survey. d. an experiment. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 57 TOP: Applied OBJ: Participant Observation 52. Which of the following might be an advantage of participant observation research? a. The researcher has considerable control over the conditions of the research. b. The researcher can uncover what people “do” rather than simply what they say they “do.” c. The research itself is often limited in scope—which is important to sociological research. d. It is a useful method for studying large and diverse populations. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 57 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Participant Observation 53. Georgia has volunteered at the local crisis center. While she is volunteering, she is given permission to “gather data” and ask the women about the circumstances surrounding their abuse. What method will Georgia most likely use? a. experiment b. survey c. interviews d. content analysis ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 58 TOP: Applied OBJ: Interviews 54. There are advantages and disadvantages to different interview techniques. What might be an advantage that structured interviews have over unstructured (open-ended) interviews? a. It is easier to ask more personal questions. b. It is easier to make careful tabulations and comparisons of answers. c. It is easier to get more detailed information. d. It is easier to develop a rapport with the respondent. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 58–59 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Interviews 55. An ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from research respondents is known as: a. an experiment. b. participant observation. c. a case study. d. a survey. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 59 TOP: Factual OBJ: Surveys 56. Many colleges and universities have gone to an online system for evaluating teaching effectiveness. Although this process guarantees anonymity, the completion rate (percentage of students who fill out evaluations) has dropped. Which of the following is NOT a significant problem with low response rates in this situation? a. Students who complete the survey may be different in significant ways from those that do not. b. Students who do not complete the evaluations may end up taking the wrong classes. c. Only students who like their instructors may complete the evaluations. d. Instructors may not get accurate feedback about their teaching methods. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 59 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Surveys 57. The main reason that achieving high response rates and limiting selection bias are so important is that they lead to: a. increasing generalizability. b. decreasing generalizability. c. increasing validity. d. decreasing validity. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 59 TOP: Applied OBJ: Surveys 58. The General Social Survey (GSS) is replicated yearly with a new sample of 2,000 respondents. This is an example of: a. an experiment. b. participant observation. c. a repeated cross-sectional survey. d. a longitudinal study. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 60 TOP: Factual OBJ: Surveys 59. A type of longitudinal study in which the same sample of respondents is tracked over a long period of time is known as: a. an experiment. b. participant observation. c. the historical method. d. a panel study. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 60 TOP: Factual OBJ: Surveys 60. ____________ is probably the best method available to the social scientist interested in collecting original data and for describing a population too large to observe directly. a. Survey research b. Content analysis c. Comparative research d. An experiment ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 59 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Surveys 61. A potential shortcoming of survey research is that surveys: a. tend to focus more on what people do than what they say. b. rely on people’s honesty and willingness to cooperate. c. cannot reflect the total population. d. cannot be used on large populations. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 59 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Surveys 62. Which of the following methods involves collecting data from written reports or other artifacts in order to discover patterns in behavior/attitudes dating to an earlier time period? a. experiments b. audit studies c. panel surveys d. historical methods ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 60 TOP: Factual OBJ: Historical Methods 63. Jackson is using newspaper articles dating from the early 1950s to study unofficial attitudes toward working women post-WWII. Jackson is using what research method? a. experimental b. content analysis c. comparative research d. historical methods ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 60–61 TOP: Applied OBJ: Historical Methods 64. Rogers Brubaker (1992) studied the notions of citizen and statehood in both France and Germany. His method of research is known as: a. comparative research. b. a case study. c. an experiment. d. content analysis. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 61–62 TOP: Factual OBJ: Comparative Research 65. The general approach to comparative research is to: a. study a total population or census. b. find cases that match on every variable. c. use a panel study approach only. d. find cases that match on many potentially relevant dimensions, yet vary on just one. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 62 TOP: Factual OBJ: Comparative Research 66. Comparative research usually involves studying which of the following? a. two cultures that have virtually nothing in common, in order to determine why they are so different b. two cultures that have a good number of things in common but differ in one important dimension—this dimension becomes the subject of the study c. several groups within a particular culture in order to identify how and why they differ from the dominant culture d. a dominant and subordinate group in a particular culture to determine the ways in which their activities continue to reproduce inequalities ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 61–62 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Comparative Research 67. Perhaps the most difficult method to apply to the social sciences, as compared with laboratory-based natural sciences, is/are: a. surveys. b. experimental methods. c. historical methods. d. content analysis. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 62–63 TOP: Applied OBJ: Experiments 68. LeeAnn is a graduate student in sociology who is studying media depictions of gun violence in popular films such as Rambo and Scarface. Her choice of methods is known as: a. an audit study. b. a panel study. c. content analysis. d. surveys. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 64 TOP: Applied OBJ: Content Analysis 69. Harry’s study compared how the posts of “men seeking women” differed from the posts of “women seeking men” on Craigslist. What research method was Harry using when he compared how often men and women mentioned particular characteristics (e.g., attactive, sexy, athletic, professional, educated, etc.)? a. historical methods b. comparative research c. content analysis d. interviews ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 64 TOP: Applied OBJ: Content Analysis 70. All of the following are described as golden rules of ethical conduct in social research EXCEPT: a. do no harm. b. informed consent. c. never debrief. d. voluntary participation. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 65 TOP: Factual OBJ: Ethics in Research 71. Research subjects have a right to know that they are participating in a study and what the study consists of. This is known as: a. involuntary participation. b. informed consent. c. manifest content. d. latent content. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 65 TOP: Factual OBJ: Ethics in Research 72. A sociologist studying minor children, pregnant women, or inmates must get approval, as these groups are known as: a. panel populations. b. census populations. c. protected populations. d. total populations. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 65 TOP: Applied OBJ: Ethics in Research 73. If a field researcher cannot reveal that a study is being done for fear that this revelation might significantly affect the social processes being studied, (s)he is finding out that: a. it is sometimes difficult to make a distinction between legitimate investigation and unjustified intrusion. b. it is sometimes difficult to follow the norms of voluntary participation and informed consent. c. in order to get valid data, sociologists must learn to deemphasize ethics in their research. d. it is sometimes difficult for sociologists to do no harm to the people they study. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 65 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Ethics in Research 74. Sometimes a researcher may find it necessary to go against the ethical norms of informed consent and voluntary participation. Which of the following would NOT be considered one of these times? a. when it would be impossible or unfeasible to obtain permission b. when the researcher feels his or her presence may disrupt the behavior under investigation c. when the researcher’s subjects are underage, incarcerated, or pregnant d. when it is thought that voluntary participation could introduce bias into the investigation ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 65 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Ethics in Research 75. Social research aimed to influence public policy and society as a whole is referred to as: a. feminist sociology. b. historical sociology. c. private sociology. d. public sociology. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 66 TOP: Factual OBJ: Public Sociology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29. You want to raise awareness about domestic abuse in the most efficient and least expensive way. You might: a. go door-to-door in several local neighborhoods, hoping to spread the word. b. start a website on the Internet. c. visit churches and pass out flyers. d. post flyers in every hospital in your state. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 696 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Movements 30. What is NOT one reason that motivates social movements? a. political aim b. commitment to social change c. focus on the movement d. individual self-interest ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 675 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 31. The aim of all social movements is: a. to create social bonds. b. to change society. c. to solidify norms. d. to promote social evolution. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 690 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 32. What was one the largest American social movements that effected major social change? a. the women’s movement b. the civil rights movement c. the anti–Vietnam War movement d. the abolition of slavery ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 691 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 33. The ____________ is/are present-day activists who are attempting to create social movements through satire. a. Anti-inflammatory League b. NRA c. Yes Men d. Convergence Group ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Pages 667–668 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 34. The difference between a social movement and a ritual is that: a. rituals don’t aim to change something about society. b. a ritual is something that is done only in a religious context. c. social movements happen every other year. d. rituals happen only during holidays. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 674 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Social Movements 35. Doug McAdam is a sociologist who has spent years examining social movements. He believes that: a. all a group needs is organized collective action for a successful movement. b. collective action is sufficient for a successful social movement. c. not only does a group need collective action, but they also need some new threat or perceived opportunity in the broader social environment. d. if one person has what they consider a social problem, and that one person begins a movement, there will be success. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 675 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 36. The most limited social movement, focusing on a narrow group of people, would be a(n): a. redemptive social movement, because it focuses on one person at a time. b. alternative social movement, like MADD. c. reformative social movement, because it tends to be limited to certain religious sects. d. revolutionary social movement, like the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 675 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Social Movements 37. When sociologists talk about social change, they are referring to transformations in all of the following EXCEPT: a. cultural values. b. social institutions. c. political organizations. d. cultural norms. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 692 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Change 38. Which of the following is NOT a cause of social change mentioned in your text? a. social upheaval b. technological innovation c. conflict between social actors d. changes in cultural identities ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 696–697 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Change 39. Today, most women know that smoking during pregnancy is putting their baby in danger. The cause of this “social change” was probably mostly due to: a. technology. b. innovation. c. new ideas. d. conflict. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 696 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Change 40. Which type of social movement focuses on a single concern and seeks to change an individual’s behavior related to that issue? a. reformative b. revolutionary c. alterative d. redemptive ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 675 TOP: Factual OBJ: Alterative Social Movements 41. An example of a(n) ____________ social movement might be a group of individuals trying to stop unwed mothers from having abortions. a. revolutionary b. redemptive c. reformative d. alterative ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 675 TOP: Applied OBJ: Alterative Social Movements 42. A social movement that targets specific groups and advocates for radical changes in behavior is: a. redemptive. b. alterative. c. reformative. d. revolutionary. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 677 TOP: Factual OBJ: Redemptive Social Movements 43. A homeless shelter for battered women, where they can learn how to care for themselves and their children, would be an example of a(n) ____________ social movement. a. reformative b. redemptive c. alterative d. revolutionary ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 677 TOP: Applied OBJ: Redemptive Social Movements 44. ____________ social movements do not call for a new system of government, but rather target almost everyone. a. Redemptive b. Revolutionary c. Reformative d. Alterative ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 677 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reformative Social Movements 45. A group of conservationists encourage their community to save water by using low-flushing toilets or faucets that release more pressure but less water. Which social movement would this represent? a. alterative b. redemptive c. reformative d. revolutionary ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 678 TOP: Applied OBJ: Reformative Social Movements 46. ____________ social movements advocate the radical reorganization of society. a. Revolutionary b. Alterative c. Redemptive d. Reformative ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 679 TOP: Factual OBJ: Revolutionary Social Movements 47. An example of a(n) ____________ social movement occurred during the civil rights movement, when African Americans boycotted buses. a. redemptive b. revolutionary c. reformative d. alterative ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 679 TOP: Applied OBJ: Revolutionary Social Movements 48. The model that explains the emergence of a social movement that is a collective response to structural strain that has a psychological effect on individuals is: a. the political process model. b. revolutionary theory. c. classical theory. d. resource-mobilization theory. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 680 TOP: Factual OBJ: Classical Model 49. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the classical model that is sometimes used to explain social movements? a. Strains are always present in societies. b. We can’t explain why some movements arise and others don’t. c. Social movements pathologize individuals. d. Social movements ignore psychological tensions. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Page 680 TOP: Factual OBJ: Classical Model 50. Which social movement model suggests that discontent and the availability of resources are the key factors that determine if a social movement will coalesce? a. classical model b. political process model c. revolutionary model d. resource-mobilization model ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 680 TOP: Factual OBJ: Resource-Mobilization Model 51. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of resource-mobilization theory? a. Elites have the most to gain from a social movement. b. Social movements are often led by powerless individuals. c. Involvement of the elites often results in the demise of a social movement. d. The grievance with resource-mobilization theory is unclear. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Page 681 TOP: Factual OBJ: Resource-Mobilization Model 52. The political process model lists expanding political opportunities, indigenous organizational strength, and certain shared cognitions as what kind of influences? a. revolutionary b. conditional c. resourceful d. classical ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 681 TOP: Factual OBJ: Political Process Model 53. The 1930s Townsend Plan movement, which organized elderly Americans to demand a pension from the government, is an example of: a. how millions of people can make a change. b. how social movements succeed. c. how apparent failures can create conditions for success. d. Roosevelt’s Social Security legislation. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 682 TOP: Applied OBJ: Political Process Model 54. Even though it has some structural biases and downplays emotional components, the ____________ social movement model is the most widely accepted today. a. classical b. political process c. mobilization d. stragetic thinking ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 681 TOP: Factual OBJ: Political Process Model 55. Which stage of a social movement is the period when a few people try to draw attention to a particular social issue that is not in the public consciousness? a. emergence b. resolution c. coalescence d. routinization ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 682 TOP: Factual OBJ: Emergence 56. The stage of a social movement when people start organizing, donating money, and lobbying political officials is: a. emergence. b. routinization. c. coalescence. d. resolution. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 683 TOP: Factual OBJ: Coalescence 57. Which of the following is a reason why some social movements fade away during the coalescence stage? a. lack of funds and time commitment b. not enough members c. lack of political support d. no interest by the general population ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 683 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Coalescence 58. A social movement tends to have three stages. Which is the most fragile stage, the one at which most movements just simply fade away? a. emergence stage b. coalescence stage c. routinization stage d. institutionalization stage ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 683 TOP: Factual OBJ: Coalescence 59. By the ____________ stage, a social movement has become effective and its membership base has expanded. a. coalescence b. resolution c. routinization d. emergence ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 683 TOP: Factual OBJ: Routinization 60. Which of the following is NOT a priority after a social movement has been institutionalized? a. recruit new members b. raise money c. structure participation d. raise awareness to the general public. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 683 TOP: Factual OBJ: Routinization 61. All of the following are characteristics of professional movement organizations EXCEPT when: a. they have professional leaders who speak for their constituency. b. the membership base plays a major role. c. they attempt to influence public policy. d. they have full-time leadership staff. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 686 TOP: Factual OBJ: Professional Movement Organization 62. What does a mass protest organization do? a. advocates for social change through protest b. recruits new members c. relies on high levels of membership participation to promote social change d. solicits political assistance ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Page 686 TOP: Factual OBJ: Participatory Movement Organization 63. A mass protest organization and a grassroots organization both rely on high levels of membership, but a grassroots organization: a. uses letter-writing campaigns to achieve its goals. b. tends to focus on local issues. c. works through existing political structures to promote change. d. does all of the above. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Page 686 TOP: Applied OBJ: Participatory Movement Organization 64. You are a member of Critical Mass, the cycling organization that attempts to educate the public about carbon dioxide pollution from gas vehicles. Even though this lacks the organizational structure of a professional movement, it has high levels of member participation. This would be a ____________ participatory movement organization. a. grassroots b. redemptive c. premodern d. mass protest ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Page 686 TOP: Applied OBJ: Participatory Movement Organization 65. What did Tocqueville mean by “land of joiners”? a. Democratic citizens easily change what they set their minds to. b. Citizens have less equality than citizens in aristocratic societies. c. Americans are politically powerless without voluntary organizations. d. American citizens are forced to join “voluntary” associations. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 688 TOP: Factual OBJ: Land of Joiners 66. Which of the following is NOT a reason why the egalitarian nature of American democracy has made Americans more likely than Europeans to enlist in voluntary organizations? a. Joining organizations creates individuality, something that Americans value. b. Early American gatherings in town squares created a culture of voluntary association. c. Americans need organizations to gain political power. d. Immigrants formed organizations to unite with other immigrants with similar values. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Page 689 TOP: Applied OBJ: Land of Joiners 67. One reason for the decline in the number of Americans joining associations may be: a. the individualistic culture of Americans. b. the rise of online associations. c. the fast-paced lifestyle of Americans. d. all of the above. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 689 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Land of Joiners 68. The time period that is characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation is the period of: a. modern societies. b. premodern societies. c. postmodern societies. d. early modern societies. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 692 TOP: Factual OBJ: Premodern Societies 69. In ____________ societies, tradition was important because the customs that were passed down through the generations helped guide everyday life. a. early modern b. modern c. premodern d. postmodern ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Premodern Societies 70. What period resulted in the rise of science and objectivity? a. postmodern b. premodern c. early modern d. modern ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 71. During the modern period, science competed with ____________ as the primary source for knowledge. a. religion b. theory c. capitalism d. philosophy ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 72. Which sociologist suggested modernity was a time when each person was a unique combination of overlapping group affiliations? a. Pierre-Charles L’Enfant b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Georg Simmel ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Page 693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 73. Max Weber believed that modernity emerged from what movement? a. Protestant Reformation b. Enlightenment c. agricultural revolution d. Renaissance ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 694 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 74. Which time period do academics claim we are living in now? a. early modern b. premodern c. modern d. postmodern ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 695 TOP: Factual OBJ: Postmodern Societies 75. Rap music, the Seagram Building in New York City, and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris are cultural examples from which time period? a. early modern b. premodern c. modern d. postmodern ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 695 TOP: Factual OBJ: Postmodern Societies Completion 1. A collaborative effort that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation is called ____________. ANS: collective action DIF: Moderate REF: Page 668 TOP: Factual OBJ: Collective Action 2. A tenet of ____________ theory is that people with similar ideas and tendencies will gather in the same place. ANS: convergence DIF: Easy REF: Page 669 TOP: Factual OBJ: Convergence Theory 3. A theory of collective action that states that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place is ____________. ANS: convergence theory DIF: Moderate REF: Page 669 TOP: Factual OBJ: Convergence Theory 4. A theory of collective action that claims that collective action arises because of people’s tendency to conform to the behavior of others is ____________. ANS: contagion theory DIF: Moderate REF: Page 670 TOP: Factual OBJ: Contagion Theory 5. A theory of collective action that emphasizes the influence of leaders in promoting particular norms is ____________. ANS: emergent norm theory DIF: Moderate REF: Page 671 TOP: Factual OBJ: Emergent Norm Theory 6. Some aspects of your identity are ____________, and other aspects of your identity are ____________. ANS: static; dynamic DIF: Easy REF: Page 674 TOP: Factual OBJ: Identity 7. Sharing a group affiliation with another person helps us develop ____________ to that person. ANS: emotional attachments DIF: Moderate REF: Page 673 TOP: Factual OBJ: Identity 8. In addition to having both static and dynamic identities, individuals also have multiple identities because they belong to ____________. ANS: multiple groups DIF: Moderate REF: Page 673 TOP: Factual OBJ: Identity 9. When a particular event becomes purposeful, organized, and institutionalized, collective action turns into a ____________. ANS: social movement DIF: Easy REF: Page 674 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 10. When a behavior such as a protest becomes purposeful, organized, and institutionalized, collective action turns into a ____________. ANS: social movement DIF: Easy REF: Page 674 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 11. Thousands of social movements exist throughout society at the ____________, ____________, and ____________ levels. ANS: local; national; global DIF: Moderate REF: Page 679 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 12. The aim of all social movements is to ____________. ANS: change society DIF: Easy REF: Page 690 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 13. ____________ social movements advocate for limited social change across an entire society. ANS: Reformative DIF: Easy REF: Page 677 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reformative Social Movements 14. The model that explains the emergence of a social movement that is based on a concept of structural weakness in society or the notion that something is not right is ____________. ANS: the classical model DIF: Moderate REF: Page 680 TOP: Factual OBJ: Classical Model 15. The three stages of a social movement are ____________, ____________, and ____________. ANS: emergence; coalescence; routinization DIF: Difficult REF: Page 682 TOP: Factual OBJ: Stages of Social Movement 16. The type of social movement organization that has a full-time leadership staff dedicated to the movement and a large membership base that plays a minor role in the organization is a(n) ____________. ANS: professional movement organization DIF: Easy REF: Page 686 TOP: Factual OBJ: Professional Movement Organizations 17. Participatory movement organizations are divided into two subgroups: ____________ and ____________. ANS: mass protest organizations; grassroots organizations DIF: Moderate REF: Page 686 TOP: Factual OBJ: Participatory Movement Organization 18. A(n) ____________ advocates for social change through protest and demonstrations, whereas a(n) ____________ relies on high levels of membership participation to promote social change. ANS: mass protest organization; grassroots organization DIF: Difficult REF: Page 686 TOP: Factual OBJ: Participatory Movement Organization 19. Alexis de Tocqueville wrote ____________ to explain why Americans come together to join voluntary associations. ANS: Democracy in America DIF: Moderate REF: Page 688 TOP: Factual OBJ: Land of Joiners 20. The terms ____________, ____________, and ____________ are not only types of societies but also refer to social change over long periods of time. ANS: premodern; modern; postmodern DIF: Easy REF: Page 692 TOP: Factual OBJ: Types of Societies 21. ____________ societies are what used to be called “primitive” societies. ANS: Premodern DIF: Easy REF: Page 692 TOP: Factual OBJ: Premodern Societies 22. In ____________ societies, villages may have had a spiritual leader, and tradition was very important. ANS: premodern DIF: Easy REF: Pages 692–693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Premodern Societies 23. The term ____________ is used in fields such as art history, literature, and sociology, with little agreement about what it means. ANS: modernity DIF: Easy REF: Page 693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 24. Georg Simmel characterizes ____________ as the birth of the individual through a web of group affiliations. ANS: modernity DIF: Moderate REF: Page 693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 25. According to Max Weber, ____________ introduced concepts of rationality and bureaucracy. ANS: modernity DIF: Moderate REF: Page 694 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 26. ____________ represents ideas about multiculturalism, the blending together of different narratives, and taking a little from each of many different cultures to form a collage. ANS: Postmodernity DIF: Moderate REF: Page 695 TOP: Factual OBJ: Postmodern Societies 27. Some have said that the postmodern condition is embodied by the concept of ____________. ANS: pastiche DIF: Easy REF: Page 695 TOP: Factual OBJ: Postmodern Societies Essay 1. Using examples, discuss the theories of collective action: convergence theory, contagion theory, and emergent norm theory. ANS: Convergence theory states that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place. Contagion theory claims that collective action arises because of people’s tendency to conform to the behavior of others. Emergent norm theory emphasizes the influence of leaders in promoting particular norms. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 669–672 TOP: Applied OBJ: Collective Action 2. There are two types of collective action. What are they? Give examples of membership. ANS: The two types of collection action are 1) crowd collective action, and 2) mass collective action. Crowd collective action is the type of action where the members of a particular group are face-to-face. The Million Man March is an example of crowd collective action. Mass collective action is where a group of people or a segment of a population that believes in a particular cause work “together,” but may never meet. An example of mass collective action is a letter-writing campaign to ban same-sex marriage. If these people from different cities and different states decide to march on Washington, they would then be considered a crowd collective action. One “confusing” aspect of these two concepts is that a mass collective action can also be a crowd collective action, but a crowd collective action may not be a mass collective action. Mass collective action involves a crowd collective action that does not meet face-to-face. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 668–669 TOP: Factual OBJ: Collective Action 3. In what ways does collective action affect the development of individual identity? Write a couple of paragraphs defining who you are in terms of the effects of collective action. Using examples, what are the benefits of group affiliation? ANS: What makes you an individual is your affiliation with multiple groups. No one is a member of exactly the same groups with whom you are affiliated, and there are an infinite number of combinations. Students may describe their school, church, activities, and sports, among others. Group affiliation helps us develop emotional bonds. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 673–674 TOP: Applied OBJ: Identity 4. What is a social movement? Describe the four types of social movements and give examples. ANS: Social movement occurs when a collective action becomes purposeful, organized, and institutionalized. 1. Alternative: usually issue-oriented, focusing on a singular concern and seeking to change individuals’ behaviors in relation to that issue (for example, MADD). 2. Redemptive: social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical social change. (for example, a half-way house for troubled teens) 3. Reformative: social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society. (for example, Critical Mass, a community group advocating for less dependency on cars) 4. Revolutionary: social movements that advocate the radical reorganization of society. (for example, the Civil Rights Movement) DIF: Easy REF: Pages 674–679 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 5. The Yes Men activists have been very successful at “culture jamming.” They have impersonated the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the leadership of the World Trade Organization, and several other government officials. They are attempting to create social change through impersonation and satire. Discuss your personal impressions of this method of social movement. Do you feel this is ethical behavior? Is unethical behavior ever a necessary component of a social movement? At what stage of a social movement do you feel this type of behavior fits? ANS: This question basically tests whether the student read the chapter, whether they understand what “ethical behavior” is, and whether they can discuss behavior in a social movement. It also tests whether they would realize that this is the emergence stage of a social movement. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 667–668, 682 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Social Movements 6. What is the difference between a social movement and a ritual? Give examples of each. ANS: Collective action describes an event or a particular behavior. When this event or behavior has a purpose, is organized, and is institutionalized, it becomes a social movement. An example of a social movement would be PFLAG (Parents, Families, & Friends of Lesbians and Gays). This is not only a support group for gays and lesbians and their friends and families, but also a group that works against discrimination and prejudice. They meet as a group on a regular basis (support groups), but also as a group at protests and marches to educate and protest discrimination against gays and lesbians. They are hoping for social change resulting in a greater acceptance of gays and lesbians. A ritual can also be a collective action because it can be an event or a particular behavior. But a ritual, like New Year’s Eve in Times Square in New York City, is not attempting to create a societal change. It is just a group of people meeting in the same place year after year to celebrate the new year. It is a group of people coming together, but most don’t know each other and the action is not institutionalized. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 674 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Social Movement | Rituals 7. There have been several attempts at explaining the emergence and sustenance of social movements. The earliest model, the classical model, incorporates some psychological aspects. Give an example of a social movement and use the classical model in its emergence and sustenance. Discuss the criticisms associated with the classical model. ANS: The classical model of social movements is based on structural weaknesses in society. When society is disrupted in some way, it causes psychological distress to its members (the psychological aspect). When this psychological distress reaches a certain level, it gives rise to a social movement. If there is a structural problem in a society that affects its members to the point of psychological stress, these members react in such a way as to get people’s attention to change the situation. An example of this type of model of social movements would be people who were housed in the Louisiana Superdome after Hurricane Katrina. For a couple of days they were attempting to make the best of a bad situation, but after being crowded in a small space and going without food and clean water, the psychological stress forced the crowd to demand, through collective action, change. There were protests and demonstrations attempting to get the attention of the powers that be. The problem with the classical model is that, even though it may be able to explain the social movement in one particular situation, it cannot explain why it did not happen in any other similar situation. It also cannot explain why social movements arise in situations where people may not be psychologically distressed. One critique is that it focuses too much on the individual. This does not seem like a reasonable critique. It takes individuals in a situation of discontent—be it PFLAG, MADD, or the NRA—that are psychologically distressed about a particular structural issue in society, to get to the point where they beg to fight collectively to solve the problem(s). DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 680–682 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Classical Model 8. Give an example of technological innovation and emergence of new ideas as causes of social change, and give possible examples of the three stages of social movements that would follow. ANS: Technological innovation: Invention of the Television. The emergence stage of the social movement would be during the civil rights movement, where people began to realize that racial discrimination was taking place in all minority neighborhoods, not just theirs. They could see this on the nightly news. The coalescence stage of the social movement would have taken place when leaders began to speak in black churches, where they were able to educate even more of the population. Then the routinization stage of the social movement is when the NAACP set up national headquarters to organize and coordinate activities. Emergence of new ideas: The medical discovery that smoke harmed unborn children. The emergence stage of the social movement would be publishing the results of numerous studies in medical journals. The coalescence stage of the social movement would be the Television Public Service Announcements and information distributed by obstetricians to their patients. The routinization stage would be setting up websites and organizing groups to go to high schools and churches to hand out brochures and discuss the dangers of smoking. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 396–397 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Stages of Social Movements 9. You are concerned that the new bar in town is allowing bands to play into the early morning hours. There is no noise ordinance in your town, but you and your neighbors are irritated that you can’t sleep on the weekends. You and your neighbors decide to write letters to local politicians to get a noise ordinance in place. This would be what type of participatory movement organization and why? Why would this be a participatory type of organization and not a professional one? ANS: This would be a grassroots participatory movement organization. You don’t plan to protest outside the bar, and you don’t plan to demonstrate during town council meetings. The only people involved in this letter writing would be the members of your neighborhood. If it was the entire town, then it could be considered a mass protest organization. You are not going online to alert your state legislature, and you don’t organize in a formal manner, so this would mean that your organization is not a professional movement organization. There would be very little finances involved, and the type of social change you want is not on a large scale, so this would eliminate the professional movement. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 686–688 TOP: Applied OBJ: Participatory Movement Organizations 10. In the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States from France and called the United States a “land of joiners.” What did he mean by this and how did this affect people’s individual identities? ANS: Tocqueville meant that he noticed that Americans tended to come together to join in all types of voluntary associations—religious, moral, small, large. He felt that in a democratic society the people were independent and weak and therefore politically powerless on their own. He felt that U.S. citizens could not accomplish anything on their own so they assisted each other through these voluntary associations. Since your identity is “who you are,” then who you are depends on the groups with which you affiliate. If you are a voluntary member of the NRA, you might see yourself (and others would see you) differently than if you were a member of PETA. The people you associate with in these organizations tend to be people like yourself, and the more groups to which you belong, the more unique you, as an individual, become. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 673–674, 688 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Land of Joiners | Identity - - - - - - - - [Show More]

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