SOPHIA UNIT 1 Philosophy_Milestone 2 Exam | DeVry University | Correct Answers Higlighted

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SOPHIA UNIT 1 Philosophy_Milestone 2 Exam | DeVry University | Correct Answers Higlighted UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 12 questions were answered correctly. 11 questions were answered incorrectly. 2 que ... stions were skipped. These were marked incorrect. 1 A pply conceptual analysis to the following statement and choose the answer that correctly describes the relationship. Water is a __________ condition for staying alive. sufficient, not necessary neither necessary nor sufficient necessary, not sufficient both necessary and sufficient RATIONALE Water is a logical requirement for staying alive, therefore it is a necessary condition. However, water is not a logical guarantee for staying alive, so it is not a sufficient condition. CONCEPT Plato: An academic approach to concepts2/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 2/15 Report an issue with this question 2 F or Plato and his Doctrine of Forms, a person can determine whether an act is courageous if he or she can __________. imagine an unambiguously courageous action clearly understand the value of courage accurately describe the form of courage explain what courage means in the real world RATIONALE According to Plato, the Forms are the basis of our knowledge of reality. All worldly objects participate in (i.e., imitate) their corresponding Form that exists in Platonic Heaven. We can determine whether an act is courageous if we know, and can describe, the Form of Courage. CONCEPT Applying Plato's Metaphysics Report an issue with this question 3 C hoose the false statement about the metaphysical tenets of Plato’s Doctrine of the Forms. Perfection in the Forms does not exist in Platonic Heaven. There is a cause and effect relationship between Forms and their earthly counterparts. Forms must exist in order for knowledge to be possible. The Forms exist in an intellectual realm that is fixed and never ending. RATIONALE2/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 3/15 All of the statements about aspects of Plato's metaphysics are true, except for the suggestion that perfect Forms do not exist in Platonic Heaven. This statement describes Aristotle's metaphysics, not Plato's. Platonic Heaven is where Plato believed Forms, or perfect metaphysical entities, exist. CONCEPT Plato Forms: The Foundations of Being Report an issue with this question 4 T he philosophical value of the Socratic Method is described in all of the following statements EXCEPT __________. The emphasis is on finding truth, not on “winning” an argument. The Socratic Method guides students to understanding rather than requiring them to memorize facts. Students answer questions to which they know the answers, and are led by the teacher to new truths. Students learn from interacting with each other. The teacher facilitates this process. RATIONALE The Socratic Method does not facilitate learning through students' interaction with one another. Rather, it is an exchange between student and teacher, in which the teacher uses the student's knowledge to guide him or her to truth. CONCEPT The Socratic Approach Report an issue with this question 5 “ I view the world as a mathematical entity of perfect harmony.” The ancient philosopher most likely to have made this statement was (A) Pythagoras . Move the terms into the correct blanks AA naxagoras Xenophanes Pythagoras Protagoras RATIONALE2/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 4/15 Pythagoras was the Pre­Socratic philosopher who incorporated mathematics into his philosophical worldview. He saw the world as a mathematical entity of perfect harmony, and assigned significance to numbers that occur in nature. CONCEPT Cosmology and the First Philosophers Report an issue with this question 6 S ocrates differed from the pre­Socratics in that his interests were primarily in __________. cosmology and natural philosophy how the universe works the true nature of reality ethics and epistemology RATIONALE The focus of Socrates' philosophy was different from that of the Pre­Socratic philosophers. He investigated questions involving ethics and epistemology. The Pre­Socratic philosophers had focused on natural philosophy and cosmology. CONCEPT Socrates: The Father of Western Philosophy Report an issue with this question 7 R ecall the similarities and differences between Plato and Aristotle's philosophical approaches. Select the statement that is most likely to have been made by Plato, rather than by Aristotle. “I teach by example and I live by what I teach, no matter the consequences.” “My approach is scientific and empirical; we learn about truth from observation and discovery.”2/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 5/15 “My ideas have served as a starting point for both philosophy and the physical sciences.” “In order to find truth, we must first identify what makes a thing what it is, its essence. RATIONALE Plato proposed the existence of essences in his doctrine of the Forms. As a result, it is more likely that he would have made this statement. As a rationalist philosopher, Plato believed that knowledge does not rely on human senses alone, and can be accessed through the existence of essences. The statements which involve science and empiricism are reflective of Aristotle's views. The statement about teaching and living by example is reflective of Socrates' philosophy. CONCEPT Aristotle: The Dissection of Reality Report an issue with this question 8 A ccording to Socrates in the Phaedo, why might death be an advantage to the philosopher? Death is the ultimate distinction between knowledge and opinion. In life, the Social Contract requires people to behave according to the needs and wants of others. Only humans can seek knowledge and truth, but their ability to do so ends with death. Eyes, ears, and other bodily organs can distract one from the attainment of truth and knowledge. RATIONALE The Phaedo is a conversation between Socrates and his students about death. It takes place just before his execution. During this conversation, Socrates explains why philosophers should not fear death, which he defines as the end of the life of the body, but not of the soul. Socrates views the body as an impediment to the acquisition of wisdom and truth. Therefore, a philosopher may be able to find answers after death that cannot be found during life. CONCEPT The Phaedo: The Death of Socrates Report an issue with this question 92/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 6/15 When Alan joins the military, he discovers that the philosophy of Stoicism is popular with his fellow soldiers. All of the following describe reasons why Stoicism is a good fit for the military EXCEPT __________. It is important for soldiers to do their jobs with skill and dispassion. Courage in battle is measured by the efficiency of one's actions. Soldiers must remain impassive to what is outside their control. Stoicism emphasizes personal control of emotions and actions. RATIONALE All of these statements indicate why Stoicism is a good fit for the military except for the suggestion that it improves courage in battle because it makes soldiers more efficient. Stoicism can make soldiers less fearful of outcomes beyond their control, thus enhancing their courage. However, the principles of Stoicism do not create a relationship between courage and efficiency. CONCEPT Stoicism: The Ethics of Dispassion Report an issue with this question 10 Heraclitus' Logos is part of his (A) metaphysics . Move the terms into the correct blanks Asc ience metaphysics mathematics ethics RATIONALE Heraclitus asserted that true reality is the Logos, a Greek word that can be translated as “account.” Since metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with discovering and describing the ultimate nature of reality, the Logos is part of Heraclitus' metaphysics. CONCEPT Heraclitus and the Doctrine of Impermanence Report an issue with this question 11 Kenny is a chef who is trying to determine how carefully he should focus on details while doing his job.2/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 7/15 He wants to avoid being too detail­oriented because it would be inefficient for him to do so. However, if he doesn't pay enough attention to details, the quality of the food he prepares will be inconsistent. According to Aristotle’s ethics, this is an example of the __________. Function Argument Ethics of Virtue Doctrine of the Forms Doctrine of the Mean RATIONALE Aristotle's Doctrine of the Mean states that virtue must be cultivated as a rational mean between extremes. Kenny's efforts to find the correct level of detail focus to succeed in his job illustrates this doctrine. CONCEPT Aristotle's Highest Good Report an issue with this question 12 Choose the false statement about a central theme of the Greek atomists. The worldview of philosophical atomists, with some revisions, has been adopted by contemporary science. Everything in the universe exists as a single atom, or a collection of atoms. The philosophical worldview of the early Greek atomists had great influence on philosophical, scientific and religious thinking, but only for a brief period of time. Philosophical atoms of different shapes and consistencies are the fundamental components of reality. RATIONALE2/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 8/15 The philosophical worldview of the early Greek atomists has continued to have an impact throughout history. Atomism has been adopted and modified by contemporary science, and has had a lasting influence on religion and theology. CONCEPT The Atomistic Worldview Report an issue with this question 13 (A) Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the basis and nature of knowledge. Move the terms into the correct blanks AEp istemology Cosmology Metaphysics Ethics RATIONALE Epistemology is the branch of philosophy in which concepts of knowledge are analyzed and defended. Metaphysics is concerned with discovering and describing the ultimate nature of reality. Cosmology is the study of the universe in its totality, and ethics considers concepts of value (e.g., right and wrong). CONCEPT What is Philosophy? Report an issue with this question 14 Karen believes that she has a responsibility to protect the environment. Choose the statement that is consistent with Karen's belief. “I serve meat to my family only on holidays and special occasions.” "I only drive my car to work when it is raining or too cold outside.” “I have eliminated all plastic from my day­to­day life.” “I go to the farmer’s market if I have time to do so on the weekends.” RATIONALE To live philosophically, a person must examine his or her beliefs to ground them in knowledge, and then act according to those beliefs. By eliminating plastic from her life, Karen displays a consistent philosophical2/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 9/15 worldview. Driving to work when it's inconvenient to walk, serving meat on special occasions, and shopping locally for groceries only sporadically are examples of inconsistency in her worldview. CONCEPT Philosophical Analysis as a Way of Life Report an issue with this question 15 In the Apology, what does Socrates do when he is found guilty and sentenced to death? He is willing to face death rather than violate the principles of his moral philosophy. He tries to convince the jury to accept his defense. He agrees that his actions were immoral and that the decision of the judges is just. He asks Plato to record his life. RATIONALE The Apology is Plato's transcription of the defense Socrates presented at his trial on charges of "denying the gods" and "corrupting the youth of Athens." When found guilty and sentenced to death, Socrates accepts his sentence. He argues that it is more important to live rightly, which he believes he has done, than to avoid death by compromising one's moral philosophy. CONCEPT The Apology: A Defense of Philosophy Report an issue with this question 16 Evaluate the argument and select the answer option that describes it. While I have lived in my home, my rent has increased every year. My salary has remained the same for three years. Next year, I will probably be in a better financial situation. deductive, invalid, unsound2/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 10/15 inductive, weak, uncogent deductive, valid, sound inductive, strong, cogent RATIONALE Because the inferential claim is of less­than­logical certainty, and is about probability, this is an inductive argument. It is a weak argument because the conclusion isn't probable if the premises are true. It is also an uncogent argument because an argument must be strong to be cogent. CONCEPT Evaluating an Argument in Action Report an issue with this question 17 Choose the false statement about Aristotle's metaphysics. The first philosophy for Aristotle was ontology, which examines the nature of being. Aristotle defined a particular as “a this” to distinguish it from a universal. Aristotle's ultimate conclusion was that the nature of reality was change. For Aristotle, existence requires matter and form — not one or the other, but both. RATIONALE Aristotle would agree with all of these statements except the suggestion that the nature of reality is change. To Aristotle, reality is what we can observe. It can be described as a substance and a way of being, or matter and form. CONCEPT Aristotle on What There Is Report an issue with this question 18 You skipped this question and it was marked incorrect.2/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 11/15 All of the following are central tenets of Aristotle’s ethics EXCEPT __________. knowing the essence of a thing can justify a belief an action is evaluated based on how it informs character something is good when it excels at its function any virtue can become a vice RATIONALE Aristotelian ethics are concerned with topics which include determining what makes actions good or bad, and how to define virtue. According to Aristotelian ethics, it is important to know the essence of a thing, not because it can justify a belief, but because it determines function which, in turn, determines virtue or excellence. CONCEPT Aristotle's Highest Good Report an issue with this question 19 You skipped this question and it was marked incorrect. When Crito tries to convince Socrates that he must not betray his own life, how does Socrates respond? He says that all life has value, but society determines the fate of man. He says that he is not afraid of dying and knows that his followers will restore his good name. He says that what is right is often misunderstood by mortals and must be left to the gods. He says that life would not be worth living if the principle of justice was violated. RATIONALE In the Crito, Socrates' friend (Crito) tried to convince him to escape and avoid execution. Socrates refused to do so, and explained why escape would be wrong. Socrates asserted that not all life has intrinsic value; only the2/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 12/15 good life does. Since he believed that he would violate the principle of justice (established by the Social Contract) by avoiding death, Socrates refused to avoid it. CONCEPT The Crito: The Duties of the Social Contract Report an issue with this question 20 The most important tenet of Stoicism is to __________. understand that reality is either good or bad feed our desires let go of what we cannot control resist playing a role RATIONALE Stoicism is a philosophy that encourages us to focus only on what we can control (e.g., our desires, emotions, judgments, and reactions). We should not be upset by things that are beyond our control. Stoicism encourages us to reduce desire and to view reality as neither good nor bad. CONCEPT Stoicism: The Ethics of Dispassion Report an issue with this question 21 Choose the phrase that is NOT an example of Aristotle’s notion of hylomorphism. an unborn child and a human being a statue and a human being body organs and a human being2/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 13/15 the soul and a human being RATIONALE Aristotle's notion of hylomorphism states that being is a relationship, a union of form and matter. All of the examples that signify relationships are cases of hylomorphism: body organs (matter) and human beings (form); an unborn child (matter) and a human being (form); human beings (matter) and the soul (form). There is no ontological relationship between a statue and a human being, so this is not an example of hylomorphism. CONCEPT Aristotle on What There Is Report an issue with this question 22 Choose the statement that both Plato and Aristotle would agree is true. “A human being is 'human' because he or she reflects the form of a human.” “The ideals of Beauty and Truth are not of this world.” “Ideals are similar to mathematical objects or entities.” “The physical sciences are a source of eternal knowledge." RATIONALE Plato and Aristotle disagreed on all of these points except for the position that a human being is "human" because he or she reflects the form of a human. Although they also disagreed on where essences were located, Plato and Aristotle were both metaphysicians who believed that essences, or Forms, were real entities that existed and provided the basis for truth and knowledge. CONCEPT Plato vs. Aristotle: The Mathematician or the Biologist Report an issue with this question 23 Read the following statement by Socrates: “In questions of just and unjust, fair and foul, good and evil, which are the subjects of our present consultation, ought we to follow the opinion of the many and to fear them; or the opinion of the one man who has2/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 14/15 understanding?” Extract Socrates' argument from this text and choose the sentence that accurately reflects it. Absolute justice can only be achieved when the state agrees with the opinion of the masses. He who has experienced the administration of justice will do as the majority commands him to do. Non­experts have opinions, but the man who is an expert in a field has true knowledge. Any man who cares about ethics and wisdom has an obligation to listen to himself over others. RATIONALE In this selection from the Crito, Socrates argues that we should consult experts (who have "understanding," or knowledge) when we seek wisdom, and not the majority (who have only opinion). CONCEPT The Apology — Socrates' Arguments Report an issue with this question 24 In Plato's view, justified true beliefs must be related to his metaphysical notion of (A) knowledge , which he called the Forms. Move the terms into the correct blanks Akn owledge wisdom essence truth RATIONALE Plato's Forms are also referred to as "essences." An essence is that which makes an object what it truly is. Essences provide the basis for knowledge (i.e., justified true belief). For example, we can know what "goodness" truly is because a real thing that is the essence of goodness, called the Form of Goodness, exists. CONCEPT Plato Forms: The Objects of Knowledge Report an issue with this question 25 All of the statements are central themes of Parmenidean metaphysics EXCEPT __________.2/20/2019 Sophia :: Welcome https://strayer.sophia.org/spcc/ancient­greek­philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/853489 15/15 Reasonable assumptions can lead to paradoxes. Complex phenomenon can be explained as having been caused by the gods. All change is illusory. This worldview transcends opinion to examine the world as it is. RATIONALE Parmenides was a Pre­Socratic philosopher. He sought answers to questions about the universe that did not involve the gods or other supernatural forces. His philosophical explanations (like those of other Pre­Socratics) was naturalistic. All of the other statements accurately represent Parmenidean metaphysics. CONCEPT Parmenides and the Doctrine of Permanence Report an issue with this question © 2019 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. SOPHIA is a registered trademark of SOPHIA Learning, LLC. 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