Patho Final Exam Blueprint[4]

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Chapter 01: Cellular Biology 1. Discuss the plasma membrane addressing both structural and functional aspects. a. The plasma membrane provides structure for the cell as well as providing a selectiv... ely permeable barrier 2. Describe the processes of passive transport, diffusion, hydrostatic pressure, and osmosis. a. Passive transport - water and small, electrically uncharged molecules move easily through pores in the plasma membrane’s lipid bilayer; occurs naturally b. Diffusion - movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration. c. Hydrostatic pressure - mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes d. Osmosis - movement of water “down” a concentration gradient—that is, across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower concentration 3. Discuss the electrochemical changes in the plasma membrane that result in an action potential a. When a resting cell is stimulated through voltage-regulated channels, the cell membranes become more permeable to sodium, so a net movement of sodium into the cell occurs and the membrane potential decreases, or moves forward, from a negative value (in millivolts) to zero. b. This decrease is known as depolarization. c. The depolarized cell is more positively charged, and its polarity is neutralized. d. To generate an action potential and the resulting depolarization, the threshold potential must be reached. i. Generally this occurs when the cell has depolarized by 15 to 20 millivolts. Chapter 02 1. Differentiate between autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked recessive inheritance modes. a. Autosomal dominant – trait is expressed with the presence of the allele; only one is required b. Autosomal recessive – trait is expressed only if inherited from both parents; two recessive alleles must be present c. X-linked recessive – sex linked inheritance; if inherited by a male the trait or disease will be expressed because the Y-chromosome doesn’t carry the normal allele to counter it; women need the allele on both chromosomes for expression Chapter 03 1. Discuss the importance of alcoholism to the etiology of disease and dysfunction. a. A large intake of alcohol has enormous effects on nutritional status. b. Liver and nutritional disorders are the most serious consequences of alcohol abuse. c. Major nutritional deficiencies include magnesium, vitamin B6, thiamine, and phosphorus. d. Folic acid deficiency is a common problem in chronic alcoholic populations. e. Ethanol alters folic acid (folate) homeostasis by decreasing intestinal absorption of folate, increasing liver retention of folate, and increasing the loss of folate through urinary and fecal excretion 2. Discuss apoptosis, and compare and contrast apoptosis and necrosis a. Necrosis is the sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular self-digestion. i. Cells tend to swell with disruption of plasma membrane, cellular components are enzymatically digested and is caused by irreversible cell injury. ii. Breaks down the plasma membrane, organelles and nucleus causing a leakage of contents. b. Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction called programmed cell death and is implicated in both normal and pathologic tissue changes. i. Cells undergoing apoptosis shrink with fragmentation of the nucleus and the body of the cell fragments into apoptotic bodies to be phagocytized [Show More]

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