Pharmacology Final Exam Review (2021)

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Nursing Process & Drug Therapy Pharmacology Final Exam Review  In a prescription what must you have: o nameofthemed o route- (no route call the Dr. and verify it) o date/time o dose o time/fr ... equency of med o Dr.signature  If you don’t understand the prescription: o hold med & call the Dr.  Types of meds that cannot be crushed: o Enteric coated (EC) o Long acting (extended release) o Sustainedaction(SA) o SustainedRelease(SR)  If crushed it loses the effect, it will also dissolve sooner than it is supposed to increasing toxicity. DO NOT CRUSH!!  Do a pre assessment: o Whatmedicationsisthepatienttaking o Baselineofmedication o Allergies o OTCmedscurrentlytaking o If taking Digoxin- check the Apical HR (60-100); if HR less than 60 CANNOT give Digoxin; also check Digoxin level & K+ (if K+ level is high, it decreases the effect of Digoxin; if the potassium level is low, increases the effect of Digoxin) o ForBetaBlockers-checkifpulseislessthan60(Iflessthan60donotgivebeta blocker), after the med is given you always Assess o Diuretics- always give in the A.M (check K+ level, electrolyte levels, vital signs *mostly BP, weight the pt, intake/output of pt)  Purpose of 9 rights of drug administration: o to avoid medication error of OD (Safety of drug administration) o rightmed,righttime,rightpatient,rightdose,righttorefuse,rightroute,right documentation, right reason, & right response to med o use2identifierstocheckpt o read medication level 3 times! o newborn-checkthemother’sidentifier/olderchildren-checktheparent’sidentifiers o elderly-2identifiers;ifconfused(donotaskptforthename) o give med 30 min before or 30 min after the due time (right time) o TID:3times/day;BID:2times/day;QID:4times/day;DONOTuseQD(writetheword Daily)  Pharmacokinetics: o What the body does to the drug o Four Principles of Pharmacokinetics:  Absorption (Route) depends on the site:  Parenteral goes 1st because- it bypasses 1st pass effect, so it has a bioavailability of 100%, IV has more effect than oral  Oral: has the 1st pass effect, the bioavailability is 80%  Sublingual: under the tongue because of increase in vascularity bypasses the 1st pass effect 100% bioavailability  Buccal: between the cheeks & the upper/lower molar & rotate, with vascularity you also will bypass the 1st pass effect 100% bioavailability  Distribution- also depends on the site (high/more vascularity = more distribution of the med)  Plasma protein affects distribution of meds (Albumin)  Albumin meds are highly protein bound so it attaches to the receptor & once attached they remain in the bloodstream & the rest of meds are free to go  2 meds together compete & can cause toxicity  Metabolism AKA (Biotransformation)- the main organ is the Liver  Is the process by which the body inactivates drugs  If you have liver problems- higher chances of toxicity because medication cannot be broken down  Elderly & Newborns are at higher risk due to immature liver  Excretion- the main organ is the Kidney  If patient has renal failure cannot excrete the drugs so higher chances of toxicity to occur; also newborns have immature kidneys so they as well are at higher risk of toxicity o Half-LifeofaDrug:  Is the time required for 1 half of the medication to be removed from the body  EX: 800mg, half-life is every 8 hrs. Within 24 hrs. how much of the drug will be left/remain? 1st half life is 400; 2nd is 200; 3rd is 100 so the half-life is 100 [Show More]

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