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Environmental Engineering 5th Edition Joseph A. Salvato, Nelson L. Nemerow, Franklin J. Agardy

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Environmental Engineering 5th Edition Joseph A. Salvato, Nelson L. Nemerow, Franklin J. Agardy INTRODUCTION xxxvii 1 Control of Communicable and Certain Noninfectious Diseases 1 GENERAL 1 Definitions 1 Common Rates Used in Public Health 10 Life Expectancy and Mortality 12 Disease Control 18 Control of Source (Agent Factors) 25 Control of Mode of Transmission or Contributing Factor (Environmental Factors) 26 Control of Susceptibles (Host Factors) 26 Typical Epidemic Control 28 RESPIRATORY DISEASES 32 Definition 32 Group 33 Control 34 WATER- AND FOODBORNE DISEASES 34 General 34 Survival of Pathogens 35 Substance Dose to Cause Illness 36 Summary of Characteristics and Control of Water- and Foodborne Diseases 39 Reservoir or Source of Disease Agents 50 Food Spoilage 52 Mycotoxins 53 Vehicle or Means by Which Water- and Foodborne Diseases Are Spread 54 CONTENTS Historical Waterborne Disease Background 55 Waterborne Disease Outbreaks 57 Foodborne Disease Outbreaks 61 Control and Prevention of Water- and Foodborne Diseases 65 Prevention of Foodborne Diseases 65 Prevention of Waterborne Diseases 74 BIOTERRORISM 76 Smallpox 76 Anthrax 77 INSECTBORNE DISEASES AND ZOONOSES 78 General 78 Insectborne Diseases 78 Zoonoses and Their Spread 84 Animal Rabies Control 92 Control of Zoonoses and Insectborne Diseases 93 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES AND ILLNESSES 94 Ringworm 94 Hookworm Disease or Ancylostomiasis 95 Tetanus or Lockjaw 95 NONINFECTIOUS AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING AIR, WATER, AND FOOD 96 Background 96 Prevention and Control 102 Environmental Control Legislation 111 Lead Poisoning 116 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 120 Mercury Poisoning 121 Illnesses Associated with Air Pollution—Lung Diseases 124 Asbestos Diseases 125 Malignant Neoplasms (Cancer) 127 Cardiovascular Diseases 128 Methemoglobinemia 133 Dental Caries 133 Hypothermia 134 High Environmental Temperatures 135 Skin Damage from Sunlight 136 Tap Water Scalds 136 Sporotrichosis 137 Nutritional Deficiency and Related Diseases 137 Other Noncommunicable or Noninfectious Diseases and Conditions Associated with the Environment 141 INVESTIGATION OF WATER- AND FOODBORNE DISEASE OUTBREAKS 142 General 142 Sanitary Survey 143 Medical Survey 144 Samples and Specimens 147 Preliminary Recommendations 149 Epidemiologic Report 149 Other 150 Useful Internet Web Sites 150 References 151 Bibliography 165 2 Environmental Engineering Planning and Impact Analysis 167 INTRODUCTION 167 Definitions 167 Environmental Engineering Multimedia Considerations 168 TYPES OF PLANNING 171 Comprehensive Community Planning 172 Functional Regional Planning 174 Definitive or Project Planning 174 PROCESS OF COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY PLANNING 175 Option 1: Traditional Process 175 Option 2: Process That Emphasizes Scope and Alternatives 184 Conclusion 185 REGIONAL PLANNING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND ENGINEERING CONTROLS 186 General 186 Content of a Regional Planning Report 187 Project Study 189 Financing 195 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TO BE EVALUATED IN SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING 197 Desirable Features 198 Topography and Site Surveys 199 Geology, Soil, and Drainage 206 Utilities 206 Meteorology 207 Location 208 Resources 208 Animal and Plant Life 208 Improvements Needed 209 Site Planning 209 Environmental Assessment

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