MIS 589 Week 1 Discussion: Networks and Protocols | Download To Score An A

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Week 1: Introduction and the Application Layer Discussion Networks and Protocols (graded) Atlas advertising: Atlas advertising is a regional advertising agency with offices in Boston, New York, ... Providence, Washington D.C., and Philadelphia. 1. Describe what types of networks you think they would have (e.g., LANs, BNs, WANs) and where they are likely to be located? 2. What types of standard protocols and technologies do you think they are using at each layer (e.g., please see textbook Figure 15)? Responses Response Author Date/Time LAN vs WAN Professor Gander 2/27/2022 7:35:36 PM Class, how is a LAN different from a WAN? RE: LAN vs WAN Karly Derosena 2/22/2022 9:32:02 AM a) LAN : (local area network) is a group of computers and network devices connected together, usually within the same building. By definition, the connections must be high speed and relatively inexpensive (e.g., token ring or Ethernet). WAN : (wide area network), is not restricted to a geographical location, although it might be confined within the bounds of a state or country. A WAN connects several LANs, and may be limited to an enterprise (a corporation or an organization) or accessible to the public. The technology is high speed and relatively expensive. The Internet is an example of a worldwide public WAN. The classroom network is example of local area network LAN. RE: LAN vs WAN Jermaine Huggins 2/31/2022 11:37:20 PM The Marketing departments of companies these days are involved in the development of corporate WEB Sites because of the tremendous reach that a WEB Site can have in the marketplace. As such, Bob Jones’ department should be consulted and have representation in the WEB Site development process. The image projected by the quality of the WEB Site will be a critical factor to its success. RE: LAN vs WAN Molly Devuono 2/22/2022 1:27:06 PM Local area networks can, of course, only operate locally in small areas such as office buildings or even just one floor of a building. They're not regulated by the FCC, are cheaper than WANs, and also much easier to set up. Their speed is also greater on the whole. WANs (wide area networks) cover a much larger area and connect larger companies with branches pretty much anywhere. With this, you can have a very intricate and large network. However, also with this comes a much larger cost and often slower speeds than the LAN network. http://www.packetworks.net/lanvswanthebenefitsofeachnetworktype/ RE: LAN vs WAN Eric Frazier 2/22/2022 1:40:12 PM The while both LAN and WAN are area networks, they have a few differences. LAN is a local area network. This network refers to a location like a building or campus. It's generally small geographically. Most LANs can be represented with network devices. They tend to be demarcated by a firewall and usually only have one or two ways to get to the WAN network. A WAN is a wide area network. This tends to be bigger than a LAN. A WAN can represent a city wide network all the way up to a the world network itself. LANs can make up WANs but the reverse is not true. Telecommunication companies tend to deal with the WAN. Where companies tend to deal with their own networks. RE: LAN vs WAN Omolabake Dawodu 2/31/2022 9:19:30 AM LAN is a local area network where all the computers are in the same general location such as office or building or a group of nearby buildings where computers are usually connected by a single cable or a local WiFi connection. WAN which is also known as a wide area network and it is the one that covers a much bigger region than a local are network, which could be across a town, region, country or the entire world. A WAN uses an external cabling such as a phone network or a cable company's fiber optic. Unlike LAN, a WAN is usually owned by a different organization to the people, and to the people and organizations that use the network to send and receive data. A Wan will have slower data transfer speeds than a LAN. RE: LAN vs WAN Winifred Oloni 2/22/2022 2:57:03 PM Modified:2/22/2022 9:24 PM A local area network is a network of computers usually within the same geographical location such as an office building, a college campus, a hospital etc. These computers are usually connected together by Ethernet cables but could also have wireless connections. A wide area network is a connection of LAN’s that covers a larger geographical region. For Example branches of offices in different towns. a country. LAN’s could be wired or wireless whilst WANs usually use external cabling or fiber optics. LAN data speeds are faster because of its proximity whilst WAN data speed transmission are slower. Data transfer technology for a LAN is different from a WAN. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/differencebetweenlanwanwirelessrouters73466.html RE: LAN vs WAN Taylor Keltz 2/29/2022 2:13:02 AM Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computers located in the same area. It is generally a clearly defined small area from one floor to a group of buildings. The example in the book uses McClellan Air Force Base, and I will concur that my Air Force Base in Ohio is also a grouping of buildings that the LAN covers. LANs are connected to the backbone network, which connects several other networks. In my case in the Air Force, our backbone network is the network for the entire Air Force, in which the Air Force Bases are connected. Wide Area Network (WAN) connect backbone networks and Metropolitan Area networks. This isn't usually built by an organization themselves, but use leased circuits from larger internet service providers. Source: FitzGerald, J., Dennis, A., Durcikova, A. (2015). Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from https://devry.vitalsource.com/#/books/9721119127257/ RE: LAN vs WAN Christopher Grindey 2/29/2022 10:59:52 AM A LAN or Local Area Network is a groups computers together in a small area. The area could be a floor in a building, the entire building itself or the building and the surrounding areas. The LAN has a defined coverage area and is way smaller than a WAN, Wide Area Networks. A LAN is usually supported by the company that is employing it. In contrast, the WAN is usually supported by another company. This is because a WAN covers a large area and most companies lease the circuits for this coverage. Common companies that provide WAN are Sprint or AT&T. [Fitz2014] Jerry Fitzgerald: Alan Dennis: Alexandra Durchikova. Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. Retrieved on Aug 29, 2022 from https://devry.vitalsource.com/#/books/9721119127257/cfi/6/12!/4/2/14/6/2@0:23.6 RE: LAN vs WAN Elh Ibrahima Barry 2/29/2022 12:53:53 PM LAN A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a local area, like a home, office, or group of buildings located close to each other. Current LANs are most likely to be based on switched IEEE 202.3 Ethernet, or WiFi technology running at 10, 100 or 1000 Mbps. Generally, a local area network consists of local proximity devices to each other and has limitations of finite distance. The LAN can be either wired or wireless, but only in one place. WAN A wide area network or WAN is a computer network covering a wide geographic area, in contrast with personal area networks (PAN), metropolitan area networks (MANs) or local area networks (LANs) which are usually limited to a room, building or campus. The most important example and best known of a WAN is the Internet. A wide area network (WAN) consists of several LANs connected with each other over long distances. An example would be a corporate office connected to each of its satellite offices. RE: LAN vs WAN Cheikh Kebe 2/29/2022 5:20:16 PM Modified:2/29/2022 5:21 PM The main difference is: LAN is a computer network that connects computers in small areas while WAN is a network that covers a broad area using private or public network transports. Thank you! Cheikh RE: LAN vs WAN Leslie Thames 2/29/2022 2:04:27 PM A LAN (local area network) is a group of computers and network devices connected together, usually within the same building. By definition, the connections must be high speed and relatively inexpensive (e.g., token ring orEthernet). Most Indiana University Bloomington departments are on LANs. A WAN (wide area network), in comparison to a MAN, is not restricted to a geographical location, although it might be confined within the bounds of a state or country. A WAN connects several LANs, and may be limited to an enterprise (a corporation or an organization) or accessible to the public. The technology is high speed and relatively expensive. The Internet is an example of a worldwide public WAN. https://kb.iu.edu/d/agki RE: LAN vs WAN Professor Gander 2/29/2022 11:22:23 PM Class, how does the geographical extent of networks impact the features of that network? RE: LAN vs WAN Karly Derosena 2/30/2022 1:53:02 AM The territorial structure of any region corresponds to a network of all its economic interactions. The implementation of networks, however, is rarely premeditated but the consequence of continuous improvements as opportunities arise, investments are made and as conditions change. The setting of networks is the outcome of various strategies, such as providing access and mobility to a region, reinforcing a specific trade corridor or technological developments making a specific mode and its network more advantageous over others. A transport network denotes either a permanent track (e.g. roads, rail and canals) or a scheduled service (e.g. airline, public transit, train). It can be extended to cover various types of links between points along which movements can take place. The relevance of a network is related to its connectivity. https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/conc1en/ch1c4en.html RE: LAN vs WAN Melody Barnhill 2/30/2022 7:45:30 AM LAN have a small geographical range and do not need any leased telecommunication lines. WAN have a large geographical range generally spreading across boundaries and need leased telecommunication lines. Lan has a high bandwidth is available for transmission however WAN low bandwidth is available for transmission. Having all the computers in a LAN physically connected to a router is the fastest way to transfer data between computers on a LAN. WAN speeds are affected by a number of factors. The equipment used in LANs that are connected to WANs affects a user's experience, as does the type of cabling used in the wide area network itself. WANs are typically slower than LANs due to the distance data must travel. The most secure computer is one that is not connected to any network. LANs are safer than WANs, just by the nature and scope of a wide area network. RE: LAN vs WAN Carlos Flores 2/30/2022 10:44:47 PM I read what most of the classmates have said and I just want to add security. The larger the area a network covers, the more risk it takes when dealing with security questions. LANs are smaller by design and so a smaller geographical area needs security nonetheless, but in a smaller scale compared to the area a WAN covers. Security is of great concern as WANs will access data across a whole country or, at least, a state. RE: LAN vs WAN Cheikh Kebe 9/3/2022 9:05:14 PM LAN, which stands for local area network, and WAN, which stands for wide area network, are two types of networks that allow for interconnectivity between computers. As the naming conventions suggest, LANs are for smaller, more localized networking in a home, business, school, etc. while WANs cover larger areas, such as cities, and even allow computers in different nations to connect. LANs are typically faster and more secure than WANs, but WANs enable more widespread connectivity. And while LANs tend to be owned, controlled and managed inhouse by the organization where they are deployed, WANs typically require two or more of their constituent LANs to be connected over the public Internet or via a private connection established by a thirdparty telecommunications provider. http://www.diffen.com/difference/LAN_vs_WAN Thank you! Cheikh RE: LAN vs WAN Zachariah Westerfield 9/4/2022 11:46:06 AM A LAN is typically something completely within your own premises (your organization's campus, or building, or office suite, or your home), so it's something you build and own yourself, all the way down to the physical cabling. In contrast, a WAN is something that connects between geographically separated locations, so you generally have to lease access to lines or data transmission services from telecommunications carriers to create your WAN. Because of the shorter distances needed for on-premises networks, and because of the focus on connecting PCs and servers, LANs tend to be built on Ethernet and other 202.3-family (and 202.11-family) physical layers and data links. 1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX, etc. Because off-premises network links usually need to go longer distances and work over the telecommunication carriers' existing infrastructure, they tend to use physical and data-link standards that are more common in the telecom industry. Then again, for your convenience, telecom carriers usually hand off to you using an 202.3-family link, even if what they're using behind the scenes is, say, OC-3 and SONET/SDH. Because of the technical hurdles associated with moving lots of data long distances reliably, WAN links tend to be lower bandwidth and higher latency than LAN links. Also, because you're usually paying a separate telecom carrier for the service, to keep costs down, most organizations try to limit (or at least not go crazy with) how much data they move over WAN links. The differences between LANs and WANs tend to be at the physical and data- link layers. At the network layer (Layer 3 in the old-but-still-helpful-for-some- discussions OSI layering model), most people use IP (Internet Protocol) nowadays. Because it all uses IP, applications that use IP don't have to know what physical and data-link layers are in use, so anything you can do on a LAN you can potentially do on a WAN as well, if you have high enough bandwidth and low enough latency for whatever it is you're trying to do, and as long as you haven't blocked it at your firewall (or via the accidentally firewall-like properties of a NAT). http://superuser.com/questions/326939/what-is-the-real-difference-between- lan-and-wan/326946 RE: LAN vs WAN Labib Makar 9/4/2022 9:41:37 PM from the design point of view, any network has to go through certain phases in order to come out with a best practice and efficient network. However, if we have large network dispersed over several geographical areas, network architecture team has to think about the best solutions for implementing LAN and WAN services. However, LAN should be built based on modular architecture that provides scalability, high availability, and load balancing. WAN services should include not only,high speed connections, but also reliable technology specially for sensitive applications that are susceptible to jitter and latency. RE: LAN vs WAN Omar Fares 2/30/2022 3:51:42 AM A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers located in the same general area. A LAN covers a clearly defined small area, such as one ﬂoor or work area, a single building, or a group of buildings. WAN (Wide Area Network) is a computer network that covers a broad area (e.g., any network whose communicaㄊ橔ons links cross metropolitan, regional, or naㄊ橔onal boundaries over a long distance). source: textbook RE: LAN vs WAN Leslie Thames 2/30/2022 9:14:25 PM A LAN is regularly something totally inside your own organization, so it's something you fabricate and own yourself, the distance down to the physical cabling. Conversely, a WAN is something that interfaces between topographically isolated areas, so you by and large need to rent access to lines or information transmission administrations from broadcast communications bearers to make your WAN. RE: LAN vs WAN Joseph Office 2/30/2022 5:50:45 AM A LAN (local area network) is primarily restricted to a limited area of space. This area of space can be a single room within a multi-story business complex, or it can be the entire building itself. A WAN (wide area network) is a much broader area of space through which a wireless or combination of wireless/wired network operates. For example, an entire college campus may have WAN for its students wifi or other computer/internet related needs. Both LANs and WANs fulfill the same purpose which is keeping people connected to each other for business, research, and leisure, but they are different only in scope. RE: LAN vs WAN Shauna Allen 2/30/2022 1:32:54 PM Since LAN is local and WAN is "wide" area network, Atlas advertising should probably go with WAN. When you take a look at the photo on figure 1-2 on page 6 of our text, you see that WAN can span the US while LAN is better for interoffice networks. I use LAN at home, but the company I work for uses WAN because there are thousands of offices within the US. I don't yet know enough about networks to even begin to understand what the 2nd question is asking. I looked at Figure 1-5 and read the text and searched google, but I do not know how to answer question 2. RE: LAN vs WAN Brian Silver 2/30/2022 7:53:46 PM local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link to a server. Typically, a LAN encompasses computers and peripherals connected to a server within a distinct geographic area such as an office or a commercial establishment. Computers and other mobile devices use a LAN connection to share resources such as a printer or network storage. wide area network (WAN) is a geographically dispersed telecommunications network. The term distinguishes a broader telecommunication structure from a local area network (LAN). A wide area network may be privately owned or rented, but the term usually connotes the inclusion of public (shared user) networks. An intermediate form of network in terms of geography is a metropolitan area network (MAN). http://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/LAN http://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/WAN RE: LAN vs WAN Jeremy Rak 2/31/2022 1:26:12 AM Professor and Classmates, According to FitzGerald, et. al. (2014), a local area network connects computer stations together within a building as well as floor to floor or even a cluster of structures. A wide-area network is used to connect buildings that are hundreds of miles apart or more. In my experience as a draftsman for a telecommunications engineering company, I formerly generated the plans for WAN networks. My team would design cable to span 50 miles and connect to various data centers along the way. Our clients were AT&T and Verizon to name a couple. ~Jeremy FitzGerald, J, Dennis, A, Durcikova, A. (2014). Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. Wiley, 02/2014. VitalBook file. RE: LAN vs WAN Samuel Amadasun 2/31/2022 6:42:16 AM LAN is short for local area network, whereas WAN is short for wide area network. The key difference between LAN and WAN is that LAN include computers that are in the same general location, whereas WAN include computers over a larger area. Many of us who have access to the Internet at home most likely uses LANs. Basically, LANs can be seen in offices or a group of nearby buildings. In contrast, WANs can cover towns or countries. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-lan-wan-wireless-routers-73466.html RE: LAN vs WAN Professor Gander 2/31/2022 10:06:13 PM Samuel is is always good to get to know what the acronyms stand for :) RE: LAN vs WAN Omolabake Dawodu 9/1/2022 10:42:52 AM According to our text, Atlas Advertising would first of all need Local Area Network(LAN) for each specific Office in every city, because Lan are used within an office building and rooms. Since Atlas Advertising have multiple offices in one city such as New York, I will suggest Backbone Networks (BNs) which is a high sped backbone linking together organizational LANs at various locations. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) would be needed to connect these LANs and BNs across their different locations. Man can only be used if the distance is more than a few kilometers. WAN would also be needed in all five cities. Atlas Advertising will also be using different standard protocols and technologies at each different layer, which include the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and application layer. The physical layer includes how individual bits are formatted to communicate through the network. RE: LAN vs WAN Jermaine Huggins 9/2/2022 7:07:53 AM I consider Atlas adverㄊ橔sing should have mulㄊ橔ples types of networks in all their offices, Local Area Network (LAN) for every precise office also should use Backbone Network (BNs) for mulㄊ橔ple offices in one locaㄊ橔on like Boston. In the case if the locaㄊ橔ons between Washington D.C and New York are more than 10 kilometers, I think Wide Area Networks (WANs) should be used to link LANs and BNs between mulㄊ橔ple locaㄊ橔ons. In addiㄊ橔on the company will required LANs and BNs in all locaㄊ橔ons and if there are several offices in the five ciㄊ橔es than MANs connecㄊ橔on be needed as well. I think Atlas Adverㄊ橔sing will be in the need to use several standard protocols at diﬀerent layer, physical layer for signaling and encoding, data link for message descripㄊ橔on, encapsulaㄊ橔on, and network medium access control, network layer for rouㄊ橔ng protocols and internet package exchange, transport layer to establish end to end connecㄊ橔ons and translate domain names, and lastly applicaㄊ橔on layer to should be used by the applicaㄊ橔on program which is used for web, and MPEG. RE: LAN vs WAN Muhammad Omar Jawed 2/31/2022 12:12:17 PM • A Local Area Network (LAN) is a private computer network that connects computers in small physical areas. Example: A small office, A Single building, Multiple buildings inside a campus etc. Wide Area Networks (WAN) is type of computer network to connect offices which are located in different geographical locations. Wide Area Network (WAN) depends mainly on Internet Service Providers (ISPs) for connection solutions. • Local Area Network (LAN) has higher bandwidth rates. Current Local Area Networks (LANs) runs on bandwidths of 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps or 10 Gbps. Wide Area Networks (WAN) has lower bandwidth rates compared with Local Area Network (LAN). Current Wide Area Networks runs on bandwidths of 4 Mbps, 2 Mbps, 20 Mbps, 50 Mbps or 100 Mbps. • Local Area Network (LAN) bandwidth rates are almost constant. Local Area Network (LAN) bandwidth rates are dependent on characteristics of the LAN technology in use (Normally FastEthernet or Gigabit Ethernet). Since most of Wide Area Networks (WAN) connectivity solutions are dependent on Internet Service Providers (ISPs), budget related constraints affect the quality of WAN. • Most of the current Local Area Networks (LANs) use Ethernet as the LAN Standard (FastEthernet 100 Mbps, or Gigabit Ethernet 1/10 Gbps). WAN uses technologies like VPN (Virtual Private Network) over Internet, MPLS, FrameRelay, or Leased Lines as WAN connectivity solutions. • Since Local Area Networks (LANs) are private networks, managed by dedicated local network administrators, Local Area Networks (LANs) are more reliable and secure than Wide Area Networks (WANs). Since Wide Area Networks (WANs) involve 3rd party service providers, WAN networks are less reliable and secure. • Initial set-up costs for Local Area Networks (LANs) are low as the devices required to set up the networks are cheap. Initial set-up costs for Wide Area Networks (WANs) are high, because of the devices (Routers, Firewalls etc), cables and manpower required. • Local Area Networks (LANs) running costs are less Wide Area Networks (WANs) running costs are high. Wide Area Networks (WANs) normally have recurring monthly cost as Service Provider access fees. • Wide Area Networks (WANs) are more congested than Local Area Networks (LANs). RE: LAN vs WAN Aaron DeBarr 2/31/2022 2:32:03 PM LAN, which stands for local area network, and WAN, which stands for wide area network, are two types of networks that allow for interconnectivity between computers. As the naming conventions suggest, LANs are for smaller, more localized networking — in a home, business, school, etc. — while WANs cover larger areas, such as cities, and even allow computers in different nations to connect. LANs are typically faster and more secure than WANs, but WANs enable more widespread connectivity. And while LANs tend to be owned, controlled and managed inhouse by the organization where they are deployed, WANs typically require two or more of their constituent LANs to be connected over the public Internet or via a private connection established by a thirdparty telecommunications provider. ref http://www.diffen.com/difference/LAN_vs_WAN RE: LAN vs WAN Christopher Twiner 2/31/2022 6:40:47 PM A lan is a local area network, one that is specific to an office or internal to a company. A wan is a wide area network and might be used to connect multiple differing locations together or indeed to the internet as that is a very large wan. RE: LAN vs WAN Nelly Cabrera 2/31/2022 7:50:11 PM LAN- Local Area Network WAN- Wide area Network LAn is more for home, school, or in house use. The name it self describes that is an interconnection between computers locally Wan is more for connection between computers but in different cities or nations. The difference is that Lan provides better security than Wan and it provides faster service. The reason for this is that Lan is controlled in house or by the company in which is been used; however, Wan does require two or more Lan's to connect. RE: LAN vs WAN Whitney Davis 2/31/2022 9:16:32 PM LAN is local vs WAN is a wider network. WAN would be used by cities in metropolitan areas and can be connected for example from Ohio to California. A WAN is basically two LAN's put together by a high speed line. Where as a LAN is only within the certain building area and will not transfer because it is localized. RE: LAN vs WAN Jermaine Huggins 2/31/2022 11:36:32 PM The Internet actually began without the WWW. It was a bit level, text based network that evolved in a largely DOS based world. For the most part, from its inception it required the TCP/IP protocol suite to be running on the source and destination hosts that were interoperating as we use to refer to it back in those days. As WINDOWs and the graphical user interface evolved so did the ways that we used the Internet. RE: LAN vs WAN Tonya Blevins 9/1/2022 9:39:52 PM LAN has smaller coverage range within the house or office premises or can at least connect from one building to the nearby building. Most of the LANs usually will have about 10 to 100 users. Multiple users in LAN time share the system. LAN has been developed to allow sharing of common resource such as printer, hard disk and modem to more than one PCs. WAN has coverage larger than LAN and mainly used for cellular applications supporting both voice and data applications. Larger network covering entire country or state is referred as WANs. Most WANs are telephone systems. Various technologies are existing to support WAN such as WiMAX, GSM, CDMA, HSPA, LTE, fiber optics, ATM and more. Covers distance up to 100010 kilometers and also goes up to 100km. http://www.packetworks.net/lanvswanthebenefitsofeachnetworktype/ RE: LAN vs WAN Sylvanus Member-Meneh 9/1/2022 11:33:19 PM The differences have to do with scale (also, geographic scope) and hierarchical relationships. The local area network (LAN) is the most modest and directly accessible to end‐users because it is con吠㸸ined to one workgroup, several 吠㸸loors in a building or adjacent buildings. A LAN is typically something completely within your own premises (your organization's campus, or building, or of吠㸸ice suite, or your home), so it's something you build and own yourself, all the way down to the physical cabling. In contrast, a WAN is something that connects between geographically separated locations, so you generally have to lease access to lines or data transmission services from telecommunications carriers to create your WAN. RE: LAN vs WAN Jermaine Huggins 9/2/2022 7:03:37 AM Local area networks: Local area networks (LANs) are used to connect networking devices that are in a very close geographic area, such as a floor of a building, a building itself, or a campus environment. Wide area networks: Wide area networks (WANs) are used to connect LANs together. Typically, WANs are used when the LANs that must be connected are separated by a large distance. Metropolitan Area Networks: RE: LAN vs WAN Leopold A Morris 9/2/2022 11:10:05 PM LAN (Local Area Network) connects network devices over a relatively short distance and commonly, but not always, uses a single IP subnet. WAN (Wide Area Network) is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A network device, typically a router, connects LANs to a WAN. RE:LAN vs WAN Aaron DeBarr 9/3/2022 5:02:36 PM Diffen logo Q LAN vs. WAN Diffen › Technology › Telecommunications › Computer Networking LAN, which stands for local area network, and WAN, which stands for wide area network, are two types of networks that allow for interconnectivity between computers. As the naming conventions suggest, LANs are for smaller, more localized networking — in a home, business, school, etc. — while WANs cover larger areas, such as cities, and even allow computers in different nations to connect. LANs are typically faster and more secure than WANs, but WANs enable more widespread connectivity. And while LANs tend to be owned, controlled and managed in-house by the organization where they are deployed, WANs typically require two or more of their constituent LANs to be connected over the public Internet or via a private connection established by a third-party telecommunications provider. Ref http://www.diffen.com/difference/LAN_vs_WAN RE: LAN vs WAN Sandra Okon 9/4/2022 4:54:06 PM Difference on the basis of scope: WAN is considered to be more vast and widespread. LAN is mainly used for private connectivity among residential offices or a single edifice. Difference on the basis of connections: LAN- Ethernet is the main device which is used for connecting the workstations or the computers. WAN- common carriers are usually used and most people opt in for service providers. Network Topology: LAN and WAN have different configuration. LAN is based on peer to peer communication where each node is connected to the other node and can share the data and other applications with each other. While WAN is totally based on the client server model where the entire network originates from one central system and is transferred to other nodes according to the requests made. source:http://www.computer-realm.net/lan-wan/ RE: Networks and Protocols Karly Derosena 2/29/2022 12:41:12 AM Modified:2/30/2022 1:32 AM 1. Within their offices,internally they will use local area network (LAN) to communicate among themselves.In the same city ,if they have another office,they can use metropolitian area network(MAN),which is used to communicate in a city or within a cities.For their offices in other cities,they will use WAN(Wide area network)which is used for communication worldwide . 2. The standard protocols and technologies used are TCP-IP for the wired transmission and UDP for wireless Transmission Update RE: Networks and Protocols Professor Gander 2/29/2022 11:24:21 PM Karly, are you able to access the textbook but not the figure? RE: Networks and Protocols Karly Derosena 2/30/2022 1:39:14 AM That was a mistype. RE: Networks and Protocols Melody Barnhill 9/1/2022 1:21:25 PM The OSI model is the most widely known internetwork reference model. It is used for data network design, operation specifications, and troubleshooting. the TCP/IP and OSI models are the primary models used when discussing network functionality. Designers of network protocols, services, or devices can create their own models to represent their products. Ultimately, designers are required to communicate to the industry by relating their product or service to either the OSI model or the TCP/IP model, or to both. The OSI model makes a clear distinction between a service, an interface and a protocol. This model is not based on any particular technology, so it works as a generic reference in various system architectures. On the flip side, the fact that the OSI model is not backed technically means that there is an arbitrary division of the functionality in the various layers. Nevertheless, this is a very useful tool for many network architects in the planning phase. RE: Networks and Protocols Jermaine Huggins 9/2/2022 7:04:23 AM With offices located in various cities; Boston, New York, DC, etc., Atlas advertising has various local LAN and a large WAN that connects all their geographically detached offices to one another. They have to have one HQ building which probably houses the backbone infrastructure and an offsite COOP location. They WAN could be supplied by an ISP such as Verizon or AT&T depending on their location. The possibility of this organization using wireless devices on each location is also possible. As far as protocol that I think they are using; *DNS is a system that translates human-recognizable domain names and computer host names into computer-usable IP addresses (and vice versa) over TCP/IP. *TCP is the main traffic protocol that ensures reliable delivery of information. *IP is a routable network-level protocol used for unreliable communications of data from one network node to another. *Ethernet is a technology for organizing a LAN, where all hosts can receive all messages. *FTP is an Internet service for transferring files from one computer to another. *DHCP is a network level protocol that enables computer devices to automatically obtain IP addresses and other parameters necessary for working with TCP/IP connections. *HTTP(S) is an application layer Internet protocol for transmitting mainly web pages (text documents in HTML format) and any images and files connected with those web pages. *SMTP is a network level protocol for transmitting e-mail messages over a TCP/IP connection. *IMAP is an application layer Internet protocol that enables a local client to access e-mail on a remote server. It is used to both send and retrieve e-mail messages. RE: Networks and Protocols Jermaine Huggins 9/2/2022 7:06:40 AM The company will need various LANs at each local branch. They will also need a WAN because the locations are in multiple cities and locations. Having the WAN will allow for all the locations to connect to each other. The company will probably utilize an ISP (Verizon, Sprint, AT&T, etc.) for the WAN. I agree the backbone infrastructure will most likely be in the HQ building. For the Layer I agree with all of you: Application Layer - HTTP , HTML, HTTPs, IMAP POP would cover most of the applications to allow users to interact. Transport Layer -TCP Network Layer- IP Data Link Layer- Ethernet or a T1 for dedicated communications. Physical Layer- Cat6 (Cat5, Cat5e) and Fiber optics. RE: Networks and Protocols Jermaine Huggins 9/4/2022 9:27:23 AM The Data Link Layer sounds like the layer that makes sense of some of the components of the Physical layer. It detects when connections are made sorts out the output from the input data. It analyzes the bit patterns to determine if there are errors and how it might fix them. This is the internet protocol. For a home network with LAN it would use one type of internet protocol and for one with Ethernet it would use another. Resource: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Data-Link-layer RE: Networks and Protocols Cheikh Kebe 9/4/2022 7:41:39 PM Local Talk is a network protocol that was developed by Apple Computer, Inc. for Macintosh computers. The method used by Local Talk is called CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance). It is similar to CSMA/CD except that a computer signals its intent to transmit before it actually does so. Local Talk adapters and special twisted pair cable can be used to connect a series of computers through the serial port. The Macintosh operating system allows the establishment of a peertopeer network without the need for additional software. With the addition of the server version of AppleShare software, a client/server network can be established. The Local Talk protocol allows for linear bus, star, or tree topologies using twisted pair cable. A primary disadvantage of Local Talk is low speed. Its speed of transmission is only 230 Kbps. https://www.edrawsoft.com/NetworkProtocol.php Thank you! Cheikh RE: Networks and Protocols Taylor Keltz 9/3/2022 2:43:49 PM According to figure 1-5, at the application layer, the protocols used would be HTTP, HTTPS, HTML, and SMTP. At the transport layer, TCP. At the network layer, IP, and at the Datalink Layer, Ethernet RE: Networks and Protocols Samuel Amadasun 2/29/2022 5:54:22 PM Modified:2/29/2022 6:22 PM Atlas advertising should have a wide area network (WAN) and would probably be located in an area that would best connect to all its users. According to our text, WANs generally span hundreds or thousands of miles and provide data transmission rates of about 64 Kbps to 10 Gbps (FitzGerald, 6). In contrast, LANs and BNs cover much shorter distances. There are a number of layers for standard protocols and standards need to be used simultaneously for a network to operate. So the sender of a message must use a standard at the application layer, another at the transport layer, another at the network layer, another at the data link layer, and another at the physical layer (FitzGerald, 16). Considering Atlas is an advertising agency, its standard protocol would most likely allow it to communicate its services with its clients. So it would include emails and videos for ads, for example, and it is possible that they would use H.323 at the application layer. FitzGerald, J., Dennis, A., & Durcikova, A. (n.d.). Business Data Communications and Networking. Retrieved August 29, 2022. RE: Networks and Protocols Elh Ibrahima Barry 2/30/2022 3:27:17 PM Here are few types of applications and technologies that I think Atlas advertising might be using within the company: Email File transfer, sharing, and access Database access and updating Web browsing Videoconferencing Surveillance and security camera video Internet or intranet voice (IP telephony) Internet or intranet fax Unified messaging Online directory (phone book) etc. Oppenheimer, P. (2011). Top-Down Network Design: A systems analysis approach to enterprise network design. (3rd ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press. ISBN: 972-1-52720-223-4. RE: Networks and Protocols Leslie Thames 9/1/2022 9:00:41 PM A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between network devices. Network protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify and make connections with each other, as well as formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into messages sent and received. Some protocols also support message acknowledgement and data compression designed for reliable and/or high-performance network communication. Modern protocols for computer networking all generally use packet switching techniques to send and receive messages in the form of packets - messages subdivided into pieces that are collected and re-assembled at their destination.Hundreds of different computer network protocols have been developed each designed for specific purposes and environments. http://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkprotocols/g/protocols.htm Question 1 Christopher Twiner 2/29/2022 2:26:14 PM The offices are based in various locations, so I would expect each office would contain a LAN, with a Domain server, a Backbone network for intra office communication. There is potential for WAN connections as the need to connect the systems at various offices together means that it is really important for communication. There is also the potential for VPN's to other facilities or workers as that creates a secure tunnel between those offices and allows workers to share information across physically difference networks. RE: Question 1 Professor Gander 2/29/2022 11:25:52 PM Samuel, Christopher good thoughts. Class any other thoughts? RE: Question 1 Melody Barnhill 2/30/2022 2:52:04 AM Security? Which would be safer? At my job we work on VPN when we are away from work. We are always having security training because of the many connections of the network. Within a self contained LAN, there probably is no need to have network management protocols encrypted, or special authentication done for those protocols. On the other hand, you probably do not want your network management protocols to traverse the Internet without protection. Nor do you want your computers on a remote segment to respond to network management requests that are not authenticated. My company sends out patches diligently as soon as they are available. RE: Question 1 Professor Gander 2/30/2022 4:44:15 PM Class, we see layering of functions as we traverse the OSI protocol stack. What are some of the advantages of layering functions in this way? RE: Question 1 Molly Devuono 2/30/2022 2:49:56 PM The OSI Model has a few advantages to it; first it brought with it some standardization to the networking industry that is still utilized today (even if not followed in the US). It also helps in developing new software as you're only developing for one layer at a time and not all seven at once, which will ease the process and (hopefully) speed it up. The layer design also makes things like troubleshooting easier as one can pinpoint where the issue is more quickly. FitzGerald, J., Dennis, A., & Durcikova, A. (2014). Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. John Wiley & Sons. RE: Question 1 Melody Barnhill 2/31/2022 1:12:02 PM Modified:2/31/2022 1:12 PM The OSI model is the most talked about and most referred to network model. THe OSI model has seven layer. Layer 1: Physical Layer The physical layer is concerned primarily with transmitting data bits (zeros or ones) over a communication circuit. This layer defines the rules by which ones and zeros are transmitted, such as voltages of electricity, number of bits sent per second, and the physical format of the cables and connectors used. Layer 2: Data Link Layer The data link layer manages the physical transmission circuit in layer 1 and transforms it into a circuit that is free of transmission errors as far as layers above are concerned. Because layer 1 accepts and transmits only a raw stream of bits without understanding their meaning or structure, the data link layer must create and recognize message boundaries; that is, it must mark where a message starts and where it ends. Another major task of layer 2 is to solve the problems caused by damaged, lost, or duplicate messages so the succeeding layers are shielded from transmission errors. Thus, layer 2 performs error detection and correction. It also decides when a device can transmit so that two computers do not try to transmit at the same time. Layer 3: Network Layer The network layer performs routing. It determines the next computer to which the message should be sent so it can follow the best route through the network and finds the full address for that computer if needed. Layer 4: Transport Layer The transport layer deals with end-to-end issues, such as procedures for entering and departing from the network. It establishes, maintains, and terminates logical connections for the transfer of data between the original sender and the final destination of the message. It is responsible for breaking a large data transmission into smaller packets (if needed), ensuring that all the packets have been received, eliminating duplicate packets, and performing flow control to ensure that no computer is overwhelmed by the number of messages it receives. Although error control is performed by the data link layer, the transport layer can also perform error checking. Layer 5: Session Layer The session layer is responsible for managing and structuring all sessions. Session initiation must arrange for all the desired and required services between session participants, such as logging on to circuit equipment, transferring files, and performing security checks. Session termination provides an orderly way to end the session, as well as a means to abort a session prematurely. It may have some redundancy built in to recover from a broken transport (layer 4) connection in case of failure. The session layer also handles session accounting so the correct party receives the bill. Layer 6: Presentation Layer The presentation layer formats the data for presentation to the user. Its job is to accommodate different interfaces on different computers so the application program need not worry about them. It is concerned with displaying, formatting, and editing user inputs and outputs. For example, layer 6 might perform data compression, translation between different data formats, and screen formatting. Any function (except those in layers 1 through 5) that is requested sufficiently often to warrant finding a general solution is placed in the presentation layer, although some of these functions can be performed by separate hardware and software (e.g., encryption). Layer 7: Application Layer The application layer is the end user's access to the network. The primary purpose is to provide a set of utilities for application programs. Each user program determines the set of messages and any action it might take on receipt of a message. Other network-specific applications at this layer include network monitoring and network management. The major advantage of using different software and protocols is that it is easy to develop new software, because all one has to do is write software for one level at a time. FitzGerald, J., Dennis, A., & Durcikova, A. (2014). Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. John Wiley & Sons. RE: Question 1 Karly Derosena 2/31/2022 2:23:25 AM Advantages of layering funcㄊ橔ons this way are: It can be used to establish/set up connection b/w different types of computers. It operates/works independently of the operating system. It support for a number of routingprotocols. It enables the internetworking between the organizations. It has a scalable, clientserver architecture h㔠ㄭp://www.whaㄊ橔snetworking.net/tag/advantages‐and‐ disadvantages‐of‐osi‐model/ RE: Question 1 Christopher Grindey 2/31/2022 10:34:57 AM Layering functions in the OSI model has advantages. First, changes are prevented from one layer to another layer. Industry standardization is achieved because descriptions are described in each layer. Software development, design and trouble shooting are easier since the network communication process is divided. Multiple vendor development can happen since network components are standardized. Different types of hardware and software can communicate and finally, it makes the life of a network administrator easier. This is due to the easy troubleshooting they can perform at the individual layer. http://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccnastudyguide/osimodel advantagefunctionandprotocols.html RE: Question 1 Jermaine Huggins 9/4/2022 9:22:07 AM Think of the datalink layer as a primary check on any transmission. Also it includes a physical hardware address called MAC address which is unique on each device. So apart from organizing and transforming messages from layer 1 (electrical signals, light pulses, airwaves) into machine language (protocol), it also serves to identify unique nodes in a LAN. LANs, for the most cases, use what we call Layer2 switching, so all "routing" is done based on MAC address, it is faster than Layer 3 routing. The same method works in our private houses, all devices that are behind a cable modem\router or DSL modem\router, have a MAC address, but the outside world only sees a single IP address. So when we send a message outside our house from two different laptops, the response back to the laptops is determined by their MAC address and their Private IP addresses, so this way only the laptops concerned receive the responses to the messages that they have sent. RE: Question 1 Winifred Oloni 2/31/2022 11:20:10 AM Advantages of Layering on the OSI Model It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers. It describes what functions occur at each layer of the model that encourages industry standardization. Dividing network communication process in smaller component makes software development, design, and troubleshooting easier. Standardization of network components allows multiple-vendor development. It allows different types of network hardware and software to communicate. Dividing network in layers make network administrators life easier. They can troubleshoot issue more quickly and effectually by looking in layer that is causing issue rather than finding it entire network. It also makes learning easier. http://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/osi-model- advantage-function-and-protocols.html RE: Question 1 Carlos Flores 9/1/2022 12:41:45 AM Yes, and it also gives a more organized product. This makes it easier for the technicians to focus on where the problem lays and not be searching on what might be. There is a process to be followed and this makes it ok. I also like the teaching of the system as it becomes clearer - not cluttered. RE: Question 1 Winifred Oloni 9/1/2022 2:49:47 PM Here is an excerpt from our text. The Pros and Cons of Using Layers There are three important points in this example. First, there are many different software packages and many different PDUs that operate at different layers to successfully transfer a message. Networking is in some ways similar to the Russian matryoshka, nested dolls that fit neatly inside each other. This is called encapsulation, because the PDU at a higher level is placed inside the PDU at a lower level so that the lower-level PDU encapsulates the higher-level one. The major advantage of using different software and protocols is that it is easy to develop new software, because all one has to do is write software for one level at a time. The developers of Web applications, for example, do not need to write software to perform error checking or routing, because those are performed by the data link and network layers. Developers can simply assume those functions are performed and just focus on the application layer. Likewise, it is simple to change the software at any level (or add new application protocols), as long as the interface between that layer and the ones around it remains unchanged. Second, it is important to note that for communication to be successful, each layer in one computer must be able to communicate with its matching layer in the other computer. For example, the physical layer connecting the client and server must use the same type of electrical signals to enable each to understand the other (or there must be a device to translate between them). Ensuring that the software used at the different layers is the same is accomplished by using standards. A standard defines a set of rules, called protocols, that explain exactly how hardware and software that conform to the standard are required to operate. Any hardware and software that conform to a standard can communicate with any other hardware and software that conform to the same standard. Without standards, it would be virtually impossible for computers to communicate. Third, the major disadvantage of using a layered network model is that it is somewhat inefficient. Because there are several layers, each with its own software and PDUs, sending a message involves many software programs (one for each protocol) and many PDUs. The PDUs add to the total amount of data that must be sent (thus increasing the time it takes to transmit), and the different software packages increase the processing power needed in computers. Because the protocols are used at different layers and are stacked on top of one another (take another look at Figure 1-4), the set of software used to understand the different protocols is often called a protocol stack. FitzGerald, J., Dennis, A., Durcikova, A. (2015). Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from https://devry.vitalsource.com/#/books/9721119127257/ RE: Question 1 Elh Ibrahima Barry 2/31/2022 12:23:43 PM The simplest way to understand the importance and advantages of the layers of the OSI network model is to take as an example the conversation between two people. During a conversation like this, everyone has an idea first, then each person reflects in the formulation of this idea, and how he or she will state it (by talking, shouting, singing, etc.). The result of this is a sound that the person makes to formulate his or her idea. It's a bit similar concept that is found in the layers of the OSI model. These layers determine how the information must be transmitted from a source computer to a destination computer. Indeed, for a communication to take place properly, it is necessary that the transport of the information is done correctly. It is also necessary, for example, that the communication takes place in the same language for the sender and the recipient. Otherwise, they would not understand each other. In networking language, it is the protocols that ensure that communication takes place both in the same language. RE: Question 1 Brian Silver 2/31/2022 6:43:42 PM The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. Use this handy guide to compare the different layers of the OSI model and understand how they interact with each other. The Open System Interconnection model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. In the OSI model, control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy. http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/OSI_Layers.asp RE: Question 1 Zachariah Westerfield 2/31/2022 7:21:27 PM There are actually quite a few advantages of an OSI layer model Dividing the network into the seven layers can provide the following advantage: -It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers. -It describes what functions occur at each layer of the model that encourages industry standardization. -Dividing network communication process in smaller component makes software development, design, and troubleshooting easier. -Standardization of network components allows multiple-vendor development. -It allows different types of network hardware and software to communicate. -Dividing network in layers make network administrators life easier. They can troubleshoot issue more quickly and effectually by looking in layer that is causing issue rather than finding it entire network. It also makes learning easier. http://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/osi-model- advantage-function-and-protocols.html RE: Question 1 Omar Fares 2/31/2022 9:10:02 PM Modified:2/31/2022 9:11 PM Some of advantages of OSI Layering are: 1- Reduce complexity 2- standardize interfaces 3- Interoperability between vendors 4-accelerate evolution 5-simplifies teaching and learning Source: http://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/osi- model-advantage-function-and-protocols.html RE: Question Professor Gander 2/31/2022 10:07:55 PM Class, what are some disadvantages if any of layering functions this way? RE: Question 1 Karly Derosena 9/1/2022 3:27:44 AM As in all cases of modular design, designing an operating system in a modular way has several advantages. The system is easier to debug and modify because changes affect only limited sections of the system rather than touching all sections of the operating system. Information is kept only where it is needed and is accessible only within a defined and restricted area, so any bugs affecting that data must be limited to a specific module or layer. RE: Question 1 Samuel Amadasun 9/1/2022 6:02:37 AM One disadvantage of layering functions this way is that the layers for one computer must match the layers of another computer in order for communication to occur between both computers. If the layers do not match, then the computers will not be able to communicate with each other and users would find it difficult to send and receive data. Another disadvantage is that it is inefficient. Since each layer requires its own software and PDU, the time to transmit data as well as the processing power used to transmit them increases. If the layers were not stacked on top of each other, then maybe the time and power would decrease (FitzGerald, 12). FitzGerald, J., Dennis, A., & Durcikova, A. (n.d.). Business Data Communications and Networking. Retrieved September 1, 2022. RE: Question 1 Elh Ibrahima Barry 9/1/2022 10:06:27 AM Modified:9/1/2022 10:07 AM Some disadvantages: The model imposes concepts and mechanisms at a certain level and then excludes any new idea It was designed before existing technologies There is an imbalance between the layers Sometimes, the model tends to be too strict with respect to division The complexity of the model often leads to heavy and complex settlements RE: Question Omolabake Dawodu 9/4/2022 4:27:39 PM Some Advantages of OSI layers are: It allows different types of network hardware and software to communicate and describe what functions occur at each layer of the model that encourages industry standardization and diving network inlayers also makes network administrator life easier, because they can troubleshoot issues more quickly and effectually by looking in layer that is causing issue rather than finding the entire network. RE: Question 1 Aaron DeBarr 9/4/2022 5:52:56 PM Which of the following is an advantage of layering in computer networks? Help troubleshooting, reduce complexity, help interoperability, or all of the above? 4 ANSWERS Muddassir Khan Muddassir Khan, TAC engineer at Cisco 566 Views in Cisco terms, there are 3 layers in which the entire network falls in place and is usually the defacto for network designs. Access, Distribution and Core layer. If your question was directed towards this type of layered approach, then troubleshooting and complexity look relative. I did not understand the point about 'help interop'? Written Oct 3, 2014 Share MORE ANSWERS BELOW. RELATED QUESTIONS What are some good computer network projects that will help me learn the basics and then expand my knowledge to more complex problems? Is there any layer above the network application layer? Does knowledge in network administration help a computer programmer? Can graph theory or complex network help us design a better deep learn modle (neutral network architecture)? Will reducing my time on the computer help me feel more happy and creative? Why is network interoperability important? I am unable to connect my laptop to a Wi-Fi network. It says "DNS lookup failed". YouTube videos could not help in troubleshooting. What should I do? Will reading CLRS from start to end help me in computer network research? What are advantages of computer networks? Where can I find practical examples that help me understand the way computer networks operate? What are some drills to help me perfect computer networking and security? What are some design issues of computer network layers? What books would help me to learn more about computer networks and Internet? What networking/computer related courses can I pursue to help our home & commercial automation business? What is flow monitor ns3 how it is help for computer networks? OTHER ANSWERS Sudeep Mukherjee Sudeep Mukherjee, Huge fan of the comic books, Web & Android Developer 220 Views Thanks for A2A. One of most incredible use is in today's world every company from small to Big Organization want data security whether it is Idle data or traffic data without compromising existing implemented network architecture. As it is very costly to change complete change architecture. With a good understanding of Layering you can create traffic security product. A product which can be implemented without altering much any organization network architecture could be worth million. Many security product in market use layer for security as if bit as coming as misplaced hacker will received misplace packets which will be unusable for him and computer will reject it before converting into any valuable information. A simple understanding and product worth Millions. Written Mar 29, 2015 Share Sunil Kb Sunil Kb 560 Views Layering on computer network would be useful in all the 3 ways you mentioned: Troubleshooting - With layered approach it is always easier to debug problems in your network. For example if your email client stop working, you don't have to debug by looking at the cables. Ping the mail server & if its reachable you can be sure that connectivity is not the issues and start looking deeper into you mail application. Reduce complexity -With layered approach the network is broken in smaller parts and makes design, development & learning more easier. Interoperability - You can have different vendor devices in your network and be sure that they will work. Also layered approach ensured interoperability between technology. Say if one of the layer's design or implementation is changed for optimisation this wouldn't affect the other layers. Ref https://www.quora.com/Which-of-the-following-is- an-advantage-of-layering-in-computer-networks- Help-troubleshooting-reduce-complexity-help- interoperability-or-all-of-the-above RE: Question 1 Christopher Grindey 9/1/2022 10:33:33 AM A major disadvantage of the OSI layer model is that there is a lot of data to transfer, which makes it slower and less efficient. This is because the model has several layers and each layer has its own software and PDU's. The amount of data to be transferred is increased since each layer has to send any software, one for each protocol and any PDU's. Also, different software may mean longer processing time as well. [Fitz2014] [Fitz2014] Jerry Fitzgerald, Alan Dennis, Alexandra Durcikova. Business Data Communications and Networking 12th Edition. Retrieved on Sep 1, 2022 from https://devry.vitalsource.com/#/books/9721119127257/cfi/6/2!/4/2/2/4@0:0 RE: Question 1 Molly Devuono 9/1/2022 2:10:32 PM One of the major disadvantages of layering is that its inefficient. Because all of the layers all have their own software, sending messages involve many programs and PDUs (which add to the total amount of data that needs to be sent), and software packages all of which increase the processing power needed by the computer. It's also a very theoretical model and extremely modular, which is hard to do in a "real world" setting. FitzGerald, J., Dennis, A., & Durcikova, A. (2014). Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. John Wiley & Sons. http://www.technologyuk.net/telecommunications/telecom- principles/osi-reference-model.shtml RE: Question 1 Eric Davis 9/1/2022 7:55:49 PM The disadvanages of the layering functions are many applications do not require/need the data integrity, which is provided by OSI-model. In order to fast set up OSI requires agreement b/w three-parties: users & service provider. This model is not adapted at all to telecommunication applications on computer. The model is complex RE: Question 1 Brian Silver 9/1/2022 2:06:02 PM negative impact on the performance as we have the extra overhead of passing through layers instead of calling a component directly. negative impact userinterface applications can sometime take longer if the layering prevents the use of user interface components that directly interact with the database. userinterface Layers help to control and encapsulate the complexity of large applications, but adds complexity to simple applications. lower level interfaces tend to percolate to higher levels, especially if the relaxed layered approach is used. lower level interfaces RE: Question 1 Professor Gander 9/1/2022 10:02:12 PM Class, in the discussion topic for this week describe what types of networks you think Atlas Advertising would have (e.g., LANs, BNs, WANs) and where they are likely to be located? RE: Question 1 Omar Fares 9/2/2022 2:45:32 PM Atlas Adverㄊ橔sing might have many types of networks such as: Local Area Networks (LAN) in each office, Backbone Networks (BNs) to connect mulㄊ橔ple buildings office locaㄊ橔on. Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) might be used to connect LANs and BNs in diﬀerent ciㄊ橔es. Wide Area Networks (WANs) for connecㄊ橔ng office locaㄊ橔ons in diﬀerent states. RE: Question 1 Eric Davis 9/2/2022 9:55:44 PM WANs are also structurally similar to metropolitan area networks (MANs), but provide communications links for distances greater than 50 kilometers. WANs also give remote offices access to a central office's other data communications services, including the Internet. RE: Question 1 Professor Gander 9/2/2022 10:34:26 PM Class, do you think Atlas Advertising would have a wireless component added to their network design? Why or why not? RE: Question 1 Jermaine Huggins 9/4/2022 9:29:49 AM Atlas Advertising will use each of these networks apart from the internet. The organization would be compelled to value the security of their physical infrastructure in their best interest. Reason being, endusers from other corporations are partially restricted to private use areas of the intranet for work collaborative efforts. On the other hand, the extranet would provide Atlas its own controlled computer network that would link additional intranets. RE: Question 1 Eric Flores 9/4/2022 6:00:56 PM I believe Atlas can have a wireless component added to their LAN within a building down to each floor using access points. Anything past that can cause wireless service to fail because of the following: Latency = due to the medium being wireless Attenuation = due to distance Intermittentcy = due to power interruptions or obstacles Atlas can go with satellite communication, but it would be too costly. RE: Question 1 Eric Frazier 9/3/2022 6:22:12 PM I believe that Atlas would have Boston, New York, Providence, etc. would be setup as LANs individually. They would all be connected as a WAN. This can be accomplished through leased lines, ATM, or some other means. The LANs would be connected. In the OSI model, there would use web-based application so, they would use HTTPS protocol at the application layer. Next, They would use the TCP at the Transport layer. IP would be used that the network layer. Most would use Ethernet at the Data link layer. Finally the physical layer is the actually signals respectively. References: FitzGerald, Jerry, Alan Dennis, Alexandra Durcikova. Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. Wiley, 02/2014. VitalBook file. RE: Question 1 Omolabake Dawodu 9/2/2022 7:53:00 PM According to our text, the major disadvantage of using a layered model is that it is somehow inefficient, because the the several layers, and each with its own software and Protocol Data Units(PDUs). The PDUs add to the total amount of data that must be sent, and the different software packages increase the processing power needed in computers, because the protocols are going to be used at different layers and also stacked on top of one another. FitzGerald, Jerry, Alan Dennis, Alexandra Durcikova. Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. Wiley, 2015. VitalSource Bookshelf Online. RE: Question 1 Christopher Twiner 9/3/2022 10:30:39 AM I did some research and found that layering such a modular design as OSI can cause extra steps that might otherwise be simpler in an integrated model. The OSi module disadvantages are Many applications do not require/need the data integrity, which is provided by OSImodel. In order to fast set up OSI requires agreement b/w threeparties: users & service provider. Complex. This model is not adapted at all to telecommunication applications on computer. Reference http://www.whatisnetworking.net/tag/advantages- and-disadvantages-of-osi-model/ RE: Question 1 Eric Frazier 9/4/2022 12:12:46 PM I know the OSI model is used to show how the network stack works but it is very complicated. They ask us to learn 7 layers and that some layers can do multiple things. I have always found this to be very confusing and difficult to understand. The TCP/IP model always made more sense to me. The model flows very nicely from on layer to the other. The layers do all the things in the TCP/IP model that can be done in the OSI model. However, in my opinion, the TCP/IP model makes more sense to in how it groups it's layers. The application layer groups all the "software" components into one layer. This makes it easier to understand from my perspective. RE: Question 1 Zachariah Westerfield 9/3/2022 10:41:06 AM 1. Many LANs are powerful (high speed) and has low error rates, many applications do not need the data integrity provided by OSI. 2. Many LAN applications need very fast setup with each other but the connection mode transfer in OSI requires an agreement between 3 parties, users and the service provider, hence it is slow. 3. The OSI model is too complex. The gap between the concrete use (implementation) and the model is sometimes significant. Indeed, few programs can use or wrongly use the 7 layers of the model: the session and presentation layers are hardly used and on contrary the data link and network layers are often split into several sub-layers, since they are pretty complex The OSI model is in fact too complex to be effectively and properly implemented. The committee that wrote the standard even had to leave aside some technical points, like security and coding, so much it was delicate to preserve a well defined role to each layer completed with these extra technical points. This model is also redundant (the flow control and the error control appear in most layers). At the implementation level, TCP/IP is much more optimized and effective. 4. OSI model is not adapted at all to telecommunication applications on computer. Some choices are in disagreement with the way computers and software communicate. The standard actually uses "system interruptions" to report events, and with high level programming languages, that is not very realizable. 5. Due to the complexity of the model, the first implementations were pretty heavy and slow. Conversely, the first implementation of TCP/IP in the Unix system of the Berkeley University (BSD) was free and relatively effective. Historically, people thus had a natural tendency to use TCP/IP. http://educationalstuff1.tripod.com/osi.pdf RE: Question 1 Jermaine Huggins 9/3/2022 11:49:53 PM Modified:9/4/2022 9:22 AM Atlas Advertising agency have different location for broadcasting purpose. This Advertising company uses different networks like LAN (Local Area Network), WAN (wide Area Network), and also uses Backbone networks BN's etc for broadcasting the data from one location to another location. The more than 2 Kilometers and above the wide range networks were used to connect Local area network (LAN's) as well as Backbone networks. And it will also uses various Network Protocols with different layers like, physical layer for flagging and encoding, information join for message portrayal, embodiment, and system medium access control, system layer for steering conventions and web bundle trade, transport layer to set up end to end associations and decipher area names, and finally application layer to ought to be utilized by the application program which is utilized for web, and programming reason. http://www.networkconceptsinc.com/ RE: Question 1 Jermaine Huggins 9/4/2022 9:23:33 AM Having multiple office locations, Atlas would be using WAN lines for interoffice communications. Whether they are usinng private dedicated lines or some kind of site-to-site vpn tunneling for secure communications that will still need to be implemented through WAN. Locally Atlas would be using LANs with ethernet as the most likely technology. As far as standard protocols that they are using at each layer, in my opinion they are using the following: 1. Application layer - HTTP, HTML, HTTPS, SMTP, Imap, POP etc 2. Transport layer - TCP 3. Network layer - IP v4 or v6 4. Data link layer - Ethernet 5. Physical layer - Cat5, Cat5e or Cat6, Fiber optics. RE: Question 1 Shauna Allen 9/4/2022 12:16:32 PM "Disadvantages of Layering: • Some functions (like FDDI station management) really need to access and operate at multiple layers • Poorly conceived layers can lead to awkward and complex interfaces • There may be performance penalties due to extra overhead of layers, for example memory-to-memory copies • Design of (an older) layer N+1 may be sub- o" http://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs5516/spring03/slides/introduction_6.pdf Each layer has its own rules so it sounds like it would be difficult to make changes to the layers without causing issues. Of course, I do not know this to be true because my logic is so different from computer logic and I am still trying to learn computer logic. Since each layer in one computer must be able to communicate with its matching layer in another computer, it does not sound like there is any room for mistakes. Whomever sets up the layers needs to have an eye for detail. RE: Question 1 Muhammad Omar Jawed 9/2/2022 9:04:03 PM Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tcp/ip Model Advantages: It can be used to establish/set up connection b/w different types of computers. It operates/works independently of the operating system. It support for a number of routing-protocols. It enables the internet working between the organizations. It has a scalable, client-server architecture. Disadvantages: It is complex to set up & manage. IPX is faster than TCP/IP model. The shallow/overhead of TCP/IP is higher-than ipx. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Osi Model Advantages: It provides wide variety of choice. It does not depend or rely on a specific computer system. It interprets the product functionality at each-stage. It encrypts the data for security purpose. It is easy to add multiple-network models. Disadvantages: Many applications do not require/need the data integrity, which is provided by OSI-model. In order to fast set up OSI requires agreement b/w three-parties: users & service provider. Complex. This model is not adapted at all to telecommunication applications on computer. RE: Question 1 Jeremy Rak 9/3/2022 4:43:42 AM What are some of the advantages of layering functions in this way? The OSI or Open Systems Interconnection Reference is a standard created to ensure data is transmitted correctly and securely. Some of the specific advantages of layering functions early-on and from the very beginning are to ensure that bits of data are sent according to the current that drives the data such as voltages and bits per second sent as well as the physical characteristics of the cables and end connectors used (FitzGerald et al, 2014). Following the foundational layering stage is the data link layer. This second layer takes the data that is being sent, checks it for defects, and fixes errors found. In addition this layer protocol also creates packets for the data (a digital starting and stopping point) for the data to be sent. The last advantage of this layer is to ensure that data flowing between two computers is not being sent simultaneously (FitzGerald et al, 2014). There is many more layers to this ISO protocol and many more advantages that can be discussed but to understand these initial layers is very important. ~Jeremy FitzGerald, J, Dennis, A, Durcikova, A. (2014). Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. Wiley, 02/2014. VitalBook file. RE: Question 1 Shauna Allen 9/3/2022 12:14:19 PM I also use VPN when working away from the office. It must be extremely secure or my company would not allow us to use it. My industry deals with some VERY private information and we have strict privacy policies in place to ensure the information safety of our clients. Our Escrow Officers have loan applications and documentation on file until the transaction is closed so, if you have ever applied for a loan to purchase a home, you know all of the private information you had to fill out. Your job, salary, social security number, assets, etc. We need to be just as careful as the loan officer. It's a huge liability and the security of the information is very important. I did find an answer to your question, though, about advantage of layering functions and OSI: Advantage of OSI layer model Dividing the network into the seven layers provides following advantage: *It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers. *It describes what functions occur at each layer of the model that encourages industry standardization. *Dividing network communication process in smaller component makes software development, design, and troubleshooting easier. *Standardization of network components allows multiple-vendor development. *It allows different types of network hardware and software to communicate. *Dividing network in layers make network administrators life easier. They can troubleshoot issue more quickly and effectually by looking in layer that is causing issue rather than finding it entire network. It also makes learning easier. http://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/osi-model-advantage-function-and- protocols.html RE: Question 1 Nelly Cabrera 9/3/2022 5:06:24 PM The advantage of the layer functions can go from ensuring that one problem from one layer may not affect other. The maintenance and management would be less complex allowing to troubleshoot the directly the layer with the problem rather than having to look through out the entire network. It allows communication of different vendors allowing for faster development and accessibility regardless of the differences of hardware or software. http://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/osi-model- advantage-function-and-protocols.html RE: Question 1 Tonya Blevins 9/3/2022 7:49:12 PM Advantages: • It can be used to establish/set up connecㄊ橔on b/w diﬀerent types of computers. • It operates/works independently of the operaㄊ橔ng system. • It support for a number of rouㄊ橔ng‐protocols. • It enables the internetworking between the organizaㄊ橔ons. • It has a scalable, client‐server architecture. Disadvantages: • It is complex to set up & manage. • IPX is faster than TCP/IP model. • The shallow/overhead of TCP/IP is higher‐than ipx. h㔠ㄭp://www.tech‐faq.com/osi‐model.html RE: Question 1 Whitney Davis 9/3/2022 2:05:56 PM An advantage of layering the OSI protocol stack is it splits the data up into smaller pieces and re-assembles it on the other end. This is an advantage because it makes the data go faster and it can be routed where it needs to go. RE: Question 1 Shuronda Hawkins 9/3/2022 2:42:47 PM Modified:9/3/2022 2:53 PM The advantages of layering functions in the OSI protocol stack has several advantages. One major life advantage for me, is that it provides a process for troubleshooting. Whether the end-result falls into the hardware layer, the network layers or the application layer, with a bottom up approach to troubleshooting, it gives the ability to divide-and-conquer technical issues. In addition, based on the information provided in our text, the major advantage of using different software and protocols makes it easy to develop new software, because all that would be needed is to write software for one level at a time. Also, by designing software that conforms to standards, which defines a set of rules called protocols, it ensures that any hardware or software that conforms, can communicate with any other hardware and software. An example was provided in the text regarding it being impossible for computers to communicate, is there weren't standards. FitzGerald, J., Dennis, A., & Durchikova, A. (2014). Business data communications and networking (12th ed.). J. Wiley & Sons. pg.12 RE: Question 1 Jermaine Huggins 9/3/2022 11:49:36 PM Modified:9/4/2022 9:31 AM Describe what types of networks you think they would have (e.g., LANs, BNs, WANs) and where they are likely to be located? Based on the fact that Atlas Advertising is a regional agency with offices in multiple states, I believe the type of networks that Atlas would be using are: WANs, LANs and BNs. I believe that the WANs would be located in New York and the BNs would be located in two other states. The LANs would be located in each state at the Atlas Advertising site. What types of standard protocols and technologies do you think they are using at each layer (e.g., please see textbook Figure 1-5)? The type of work that Atlas Advertising performs, accompanied with the fact they are located in multiple locations, leads me to believe that these are the protocols being used at each layer: SMPT, IMAP, POP; TCP, IP; Ethernet; V.92. RE: Question 1 Leslie Thames 2/31/2022 2:26:49 PM Local Area Networks (LANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs) have much in common, but the differences are enough to make them two separate acronyms in speech and in practice. Each one has its benefits and downsides, and these advantages and disadvantages can affect an organization’s productivity significantly. Local Area Networks (LANs) Advantages Disadvantages • Speed • Cost • Ease of Setup Wide Area Networks (WANs) • Limited to Small Area Advantages Disadvantages • Allow for much larger and more intricate network • Cost • Speed • Ease of Use • Can cover near infinite geographical distance http://packetworks.net/lan-vs-wan-the-benefits-of-each-network-type/ Types of Atlas networks Eric Flores 2/30/2022 9:52:15 PM As I depicted in the attached example, Atlas publishing can likely be setup in one of, but not limited to, the following topologies: LAN (Local Area Network) – Office computers on one floor, belonging to a single department BN (Backbone Network) – Departments in one or many buildings (LANs) interconnected with each other WAN (Wide Area Network) – Office building(s) in one city interconnected with office building(s) in other cities WAN LAN BN.pdf RE: Types of Atlas networks Leopold A Morris 9/4/2022 4:10:56 PM I agree with your assessment, except for one thing. I see no use for the BackBone network unless there are several buildings to support. RE: Types of Atlas networks I agree. Eric Flores 9/4/2022 5:47:54 PM I would, too, only use it to support multiple buildings, but I just wanted to show that the BN is possible within one building. This option would be required if one building needed a high speed and high performance backbone, such as, The Pentagon. RE: Types of Atlas networks Taylor Keltz 9/4/2022 9:32:31 PM I agree with this. The only reason a backbone network would be necessary is if the company had multiple buildings or locations. For example, the Air Force has multiple different bases, therefore the AFNET is the backbone network in order to connect all of the bases together, while each base also has its own LAN. Networks and Protocols Brandyn Flowers 2/31/2022 7:49:14 AM Based on the example above, it is seen that Atlas advertising agency is using multiple networks to carry out the daily business activities across the northeast. For each individual office location, a local area network (LAN) is the primary form of communication and data transmission for the computers that are interconnected within a clearly defined limited area, such as, the work floor in the office or office building itself. If Atlas advertising has multiple buildings (departments) or campuslike establishments in each individual city that span from hundreds of feet to several miles in distance from one another, a backbone network (BN) is more than likely the central network providing a path of highspeed data transmission for the exchange of information for different LANs and interconnected subnetworks. Being that Atlas advertising has offices stretching across multiple cities in the northeast, a wide area network (WAN) would be an ideal basis for data transmission and communication for the agency as this particular computer network allows for businesses to carry out their daily activities and functionality across a larger geographical distance. Many different standards are to be used concurrently for a network to truly operate and function properly, although each standard and each layer is different. With Atlas being an advertisement agency, new and existing clients need accessibility to the many services they provide. The standard protocol would allow data transmission and communication to their clients (for example: web, marketing emails, advertisements, etc. at the application layer). At the transport layer, the standard protocols allow for hosttohost communication services. This will provide Atlas with functionalities, such as, file sharing and file transfers, as well as, database updates and upgrades. The network layer standard protocol will provide Atlas with the general means communicating and transferring data from one source to another host while managing continuous functionality. For example, host addressing, transmitting, and message forwarding for routers (TCP/IP). The data link layer standard protocol will allow for data transfers among a local area network (Ethernet). Some examples of technologies Atlas has accessibility to in this particular layer are emailing, security, and web access. At the physical layer, the actual network cable (basic network hardware) connects to a computer to drive full fundamental access to the rest of the network allowing for transmission of data. Source Reference: FitzGerald, J., A. Dennis, and A. Durcikova. Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. VitalSource Bookshelf Online, 2015. Retrieved from https://devry.vitalsource.com/#/books/9721119127257/ RE: Atlas Advertising Shuronda Hawkins 2/31/2022 9:01:10 PM Modified:2/31/2022 9:03 PM 1. At the offices for each location, I am sure they have LANs. Depending on if each location spans different buildings or floors, the locations would connect back to a backbone network. The backbone network (s) should connect back to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) via a WAN connection, either over fiber, Ethernet, T1 line, etc. to connect back to the various locations. 2. They type of protocols that may be used in Figure 1-5, may be as follow: Application: HTTP either for the company's advertising website or to access external websites. SMTP, in which the use of an Exchange email server may be used for corporate email. POP email could also be potentially used if no Exchange server is available. Transport: Internet use, I would think, would be utilized to reach consumers Network: Network connectivity via LANS, and network addressing (IP) assignment has to be made for internal and to reach external networks. Data Link: Ethernet switches for the LAN and some sort of WAN connection could be used based on the locations of the various agencies Physical: Cat5, Cat5e cabling, as a circuit, would be used to connect the end-user's pc's to the network. Atlas advertising and networking Joseph Office 9/1/2022 2:22:36 PM In terms of the type of network that Atlas advertising uses, it would have to be predicated upon their regional nature. The company primarily maintains offices throughout major cities in the northeastern United States. As such they no doubt operate off of a WAN (wide area network) based on their region. In terms of the various standards and technologies used in the layers, Atlas which operates a business strongly dependent on communications definitely uses HTTP, HTML (application layer), TCP/IP (transport and network layers), Ethernet, frame relay (data link layer), and modems, routers, CAT 5 cable (physical layers) Fitzgerald, J., Dennis, A., and Durcikova, A. (2014). Business Data Communications and Networking (12th ed.). Wiley Publishing. Vitalsource Bookshelf. RE: Atlas advertising and networking Leslie Thames 9/2/2022 9:26:51 PM The Internet is an example of a network that connects many WANs, MANs, and LANs into the world's largest global network. Internet Service Providers (ISPs), such as UUNet and QWest connect the networks. These providers are responsible for maintaining the integrity of the Internet while providing connectivity between WANs, MANs, and LANs throughout the world. ISPs provide customers with access to the Internet through the use of points-of-presence (POP), also called network access points (NAP), in cities throughout the world. Customers are provisioned access to POPs from their own WANs, MANs, and LANs to Internet access to their users. http://www.sans.edu/research/security-laboratory/article/401-tnetwork-types RE: Atlas advertising and networking Professor Gander 9/2/2022 10:40:29 PM Class, what types of standard protocols and technologies do you think Atlas Advertising are using at each layer (refer to your textbook Figure 1-5)? RE: Atlas advertising and networking Winifred Oloni 9/3/2022 2:35:27 AM Atlas advertising will use local area network (LAN) to communicate internally in the local offices, and (BN) Backbone Network to connect offices with LANs within the same location. For offices within the same city, the company can use metropolitan area network (MAN). Offices in other cities will be connected using WAN (Wide area network) which is used for communication worldwide. Some of the protocols used will be Application Layer - HTTP , HTML(web), MPEG, H.323(audio/video), SMTP, IMAP, POP (email) Transport Layer –TCP(Internet and LANs) Network Layer- IP(Internet and LANs) Data Link Layer- Ethernet (LAN), Frame Relay (WAN), T1(MAN and WAN). Physical Layer-RS-232C cable (LAN) , Category 5 cable (LAN) , V.92 and more recently Fiber optics(WAN and MAN). FitzGerald, J., Dennis, A., Durcikova, A. (2015). Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from https://devry.vitalsource.com/#/books/9721119127257/ RE: Atlas advertising and networking Muhammad Omar Jawed 9/3/2022 2:36:19 PM Atlas Advertising will be using many different standard protocols and technologies at each different layer. The five layers include the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and application layer. The physical layer includes how individual bits are formatted to be communicated through the network. The physical layer would include a RS-232C cable, V.92 which is a 56kbps modem, and also a category 5 cable. The data link layer deals with message description, error control and network medium access control. It would include Ethernet, Frame Relay and T1 (MAN and WAN). Next the network layer which is responsible for making routing decisions would include the internet protocol and internetwork package exchange. Next the transport layer is responsible for establishing end to end connections, translates domain names into numeric addresses and slices messages. It includes the Transmission Control Protocol and Sequenced Packet Exchange. Lastly, the application layer is used by the application program. It includes HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) which is used for web, MPEG and H.323 which is used for audio/video, and SMTP, IMAP and POP (Post Office Protocol) which is used for email. These are the standard protocols and technologies they are using at each layer RE: Atlas advertising and networking Eric Davis 9/4/2022 6:19:32 PM Some common data communications standards. HTML = Hypertext Markup Language; HTTP = Hypertext Transfer Protocol; IMAP = Internet Message Access Protocol; IP = Internet Protocol; LAN = local area network; MPEG = Motion Picture Experts Group; POP = Post Office Protocol; TCP = Transmission Control Protocol. RE: Atlas advertising and networking Nelly Cabrera 9/4/2022 6:54:52 PM In this particular case for this network to work different standards must work on different layers such as application, transport,network, data link and physical. Even though each layer is different they should all work at the same time in order to work together to send and receive messages. In this particular scenario either both ends have the same standards or they have a method of communication which will translate and will allow communication between two different users textbook page 16 RE: Atlas advertising and networking Jeremy Rak 9/4/2022 2:30:22 PM According to FitzGerald et al. (2014), standard protocols and technologies for Atlas Advertising are using at each layer start with the physical layers or layer 1 where they use a RS-232C cable and CAT5 cable for the LANs each location. The data link layer uses standards such as Ethernet (LAN), Frame relay (WAN) and T1 (MAN and WAN) (FitzGerald et al, 2014). Following that layer is the transport layer using TCP (Internet and LANs) which leads to the fifth layer consisting of HTTP, HTML (Web) MPEG, H.323 (audio/video) and SMTP, IMAP, POP (email) (FitzGerald et al, 2014). Each of these standards for layers is very important. Miss any of these and communication will not work. I use to work at a telecommunications engineering firm that would design and install CAT5 and CAT6 cabling all over the place. This is cool to read about on the flip side. ~Jeremy FitzGerald, J, Dennis, A, Durcikova, A. (2014). Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. Wiley, 02/2014. VitalBook file. Types of networks Labib Makar 9/3/2022 5:07:57 PM Every company has its own network and business environment in terms of their budgets, density, capacity, applications being used, etc. for example, if Atlas advertising is a regional advertising agency with offices in multiple locations, that will require IT department consider several WAN services that they might implement between those locations. However, it is not only budget that they should take into their accounts, but also the available skills at Atlas company. For example, one of the great WAN services that they would implement is MPLS, which is one of the most reliable WAN services that is being implemented in many companies "Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is an approach to improving QoS and the movement of packets with different layer-2 protocols through TCP/IP networks" (FitzGerald, J., Dennis, A., Durcikova, A. (2015). Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition, P. 235). But on the other hand, if they don’t have required skills to implement, manage, and maintain this kind of services, it would be challenging for them to implement or too experience for them to let the provider maintain it. Reference: FitzGerald, J., Dennis, A., Durcikova, A. (2015). Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition Types of Standard Protocols and Technologies Eric Flores 9/3/2022 2:11:21 PM I believe Atlas is using the following standards and technologies at the following Internet model layers: ‐ Physical Layer = CAT5e cable to connect LANs and internal BNs; Coax and fiber to connect to WANs through leased circuits ‐ Data Link Layer = Ethernet over LANs to communicate between computers through switches; PPP over WANs through routers connected to other WANs or an ISP (leased circuit) ‐ Network Layer = IP which equips network devices such as routers with IP addresses to direct and route packets from one network to another ‐ Transport Layer = TCP (connecㄊ橔on‐oriented protocol) for a reliable and dedicated connecㄊ橔on for video streaming or web browsing; UDP (connecㄊ橔onless protocol) for a fast and efficient connecㄊ橔on for a DNS or file server ‐ Applicaㄊ橔on Layer = HTTP and HTML for web access; SMTP, IMAP, and POP for email use; RIP and BGP for rouㄊ橔ng capabiliㄊ橔es within WANs; SSH for security; Telnet for network component access Summary Professor Gander 9/3/2022 11:04:06 PM Class, this week we discussed Atlas Advertising networking setup. We started by discussing the type of LAN, MAN or WAN being used. We also discussed how the geographical extent of networks impact the features of that network? We continued with thoughts on the layering of functions as we traverse the OSI protocol stack. Class I have enjoyed the discussion this week and feel were off to a great start. You still have more time to discuss and add to the threads. The discussion threads will remain open until Sunday night 11:59pm MST. RE: Summary Carlos Flores 9/4/2022 11:22:32 PM This week was filled with information that will help us throughout the 2 weeks. Discussing the types of networks we use daily and their reach is a very important way to start our lessons. We need to understand the way in which they operate and what constitutes a secured network. We will take off from here and learn in more detail what it entails to form a network that will be effective in getting connecting our companies to the customers and employees. Multiple Uses of Metropolitan Area Networks Joseph Office 9/4/2022 4:42:54 AM Metropolitan area networks are known for one of their primary uses which is for being large networks for major cities or college campuses, but MANs also have other prominent uses. For example, MANs are used to form sonet rings by telephone companies; This refers to a network that utilizes TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) which is more useful as a tool for voice transfer. http://www.computerbusinessresearch.com/Home/networks/metropolitan-area-network RE: Multiple Uses of Metropolitan Area Networks Whitney Davis 9/4/2022 2:35:16 PM Just found out what this is being that I am new to the IT field, but I have learned that a MAN is larger than a LAN but it is smaller than a WAN because it does not reach as far. I have found that most people just call them WAN's even though they are MAN's and they are only used locally. Disadvantages of Layering Brandyn Flowers 9/4/2022 1:13:21 PM Class, what are some disadvantages if any of layering functions this way? Although there are many pros in utilizing a layered network model, one of the major disadvantages that result in its usage is the fact that it can be inefficient. This stems from the fact that there are several layers, each containing there own software and protocol data units (PDU's), and the higher level layers are not capable of seeing what's in the lower layers, which implies that an application can not properly debug where in a connection a problem truly exists, as well as, exactly what the major problem is. Also, PDU's add to the total amount of data that must be sent, which increases the allotted time it takes to make a data transmission. These different software packages will also heavily increase the processing power necessary for the device(s) on the network. Sources: Fitzgerald, J., A. Dennis, and A. Durcikova. Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. VitalSource Bookshelf Online, 2015. Retrieved from https://devry.vitalsource.com/#/books/9721119127257/ Advantages of Layering Functions Brandyn Flowers 9/4/2022 2:04:21 PM Class, we see layering of functions as we traverse the OSI protocol stack. What are some of the advantages of layering functions in this way? Some of the advantages of utilizing the OSI model in networking is that it prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers. The dividing of the network communication process into a smaller component allows for an easier production in software development, design, and troubleshooting. It creates an accesible platform for developers to develop new software being that they will be capable of writing software for one level at a time. Network administrators have the ability to troubleshoot issues promptly and effectively by looking in each layer that may be causing that particular issue, as opposed to trying to discover the issue in the entire network. Lastly, the standardization of network components allows for multiple-vendor development and interoperability, allowing for different types of network hardware and software to fully function and communicate seamlessly. Sources: Fitzgerald, J., A. Dennis, and A. Durcikova. Business Data Communications and Networking, 12th Edition. VitalSource Bookshelf Online, 2015. Retrieved from https://devry.vitalsource.com/#/books/9721119127257/ Networks and Protocols Leopold A Morris 9/4/2022 4:06:59 PM Atlas advertising would have a LAN in in Boston, New York, Providence, Washington D.C., and Philadelphia with a WAN network connecting all of them. [Show More]

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