Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet.

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Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review Sheet Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 1. Review common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal diso ... rders as a whole Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, and constipation. 2. What is gastritis? What are causes? Inflammation of the stomach lining Causes: Precipitated by ingestion of irritating substances  Example: alcohol and aspirin, NSAIDs, viral, bacteria, autoimmune 3. What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are complications of GERD if left untreated? Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease- Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus through lower esophageal sphincter (LES) Inflammation caused by reflux of highly acidic material (esophagitis)  Causes  Any condition or agent that alters closure strength of LES or increases abdominal pressure, fatty foods, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, cigarette smoking, pregnancy, anatomic features (ex: hiatal hernia)  Complications: Barrett esophagus- Structural changes in tissue of esophagus over time (columnar tissue replaced normal squamos epithelial) can increase risk for esophageal cancer  Progression can lead to ulceration, fibrotic scarring  Esophageal strictures  Pulmonary symptoms - cough, asthma, and laryngitis - from reflux in breathing passages 4. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. What is the role of H. pylori in this condition?  Caused by NSAIDs, stress (glucocorticoids), smoking, genetics  No relation b/w diet and PUD  H. pylori plays a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation  Thrives in acidic conditions  Slow rate of ulcer healing  High rate of recurrence Clearance of H. pylori promotes ulcer healing  Signs and symptoms- epigastric burning that is usually relieved by the intake of food (especially dairy products) or antacids.  Pain of gastric ulcers typically occurs on an empty stomach but may present soon after a meal  Pain of duodenal ulcer classically occurs 2 to 3 hours after a meal and is relieved by further food ingestion  Life threatening complication: GI bleed  Treatment: treat with antibiotic and then stomach acid with Sucralfate (Carafate) 5. What is pseudomembranous colitis? What contributes to this condition? What are ways that it can be treated? Antibiotic-Associated Colitis (Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis).  Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine  Caused by overgrowth of Clostridium difficile c.diff (exposure to antibiotics) Treatment= Stop current antibiotic (if possible)  Treat ischemia  Treat contributing conditions  Oral antibiotics - metronidazole (flagyl) or vancomycin  Recurrence common  Fecal transplant - transfer of fecal material from another healthy person to the source patient via enema or gastric tube  Colectomy – removal of portion of colon 6. Review examples of inflammatory bowel conditions. Ulcerative Colitis  Chronic inflammatory disease of the mucosa of the rectum and colon  Large ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum  Hallmark clinical manifestations are bloody diarrhea and lower abdominal pain Crohn’s Disease  Also called regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis  Affects proximal portion of the colon or terminal ileum  Chronic inflammation of all layers of intestinal wall resulting from blockage and inflammation of lymphatic vessels  Intermittent bouts of fever, diarrhea (with or without blood), chronic RLQ pain, may have RLQ mass [Show More]

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