NUR 300: Oncology Study Guide
Oncology
Explain how cancer cells differ from normal cell characteristics.
o Cancer cells
Large # of diving cells
Variably shaped cell
Large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
Varia
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NUR 300: Oncology Study Guide
Oncology
Explain how cancer cells differ from normal cell characteristics.
o Cancer cells
Large # of diving cells
Variably shaped cell
Large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
Variation in size and shape
Loss of normal cell features
Disorganized arrangement
Poorly define tumor boundary
Distinguish between cell proliferation and differentiation.
o Proliferation- process by which cells divide and reproduce
o Differentiation –process in which proliferating cells are transformed into different
and more specialized cell types
Relate the properties of cell differentiation to the development of a cancer cell line.
o G0- resting phase, not active
o G1- prepare for DNA replication
o S- DNA synthesis
o G2- DNA replication
o M- mitosis complete – two daughter cells
Discuss how cancer cells break cell rules.
o Contact inhibition- not respecting cell space
o Cohesiveness- not staying with cells
o Communication- no communication
o Proliferation control- sometime immortal/ die unpredictably
o Proliferation rate- unpredictable, depends on differentiation
o Self HLA antigens- “non self” markers attack must be mustered
Identify the stage of cancer when given a client description (using both the staging
system and TNM systems)
o Malignant tumor is graded
Grade 1- well differentiated
Grade 2- moderately differentiated
Grade 3- poorly differentiated
o TNM classification system
T- tumor size
T0- no evidence of tumor
T1S- tumor is situ
T1-4- progressive increase in tumor involvement
N- spread to nodes
N0- no spread to regional lymph nodes
N1- spread to closest or small number of regional lymph nodes
N2- spread to most distant or numerous regional lymph nodes
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M- metastasis
M0- no metastasis
M1-metastasis
o Four stage classification system
Stage 1- Confined to organ of origin
Stage 2- locally invasive
Stage 3- regional spread
Stage 4- spread to distant sites
Discuss the concept of metastasis.
o Cancer cells break away and settle in another area
o Cancer cells good for this since they secrete vascular endothelial growth factor
Substance that gives them the capability to develop new vessels
o Primary tumors
o secondary tumors
need oxygen and nutrients
angiogenesis
common in lungs, bone, liver and brain
o Seeding – tumor shed of seeds into body cavity
o Implantation- invades the space next to it
o Lymphatic metastasis
First stop is lymph system
Then it can either die, go dormant or proliferate
o Vascular metastasis
Spread by vascular dr
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