Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide
Modules 1-10
Module 1
Chapter 2
I. General Adaptation Syndrome and Allostasis
a. Alarm Stage: Fight-or-Flight response due to stressful stimuli.
b. Resistance Stage: Nervous &
...
Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide
Modules 1-10
Module 1
Chapter 2
I. General Adaptation Syndrome and Allostasis
a. Alarm Stage: Fight-or-Flight response due to stressful stimuli.
b. Resistance Stage: Nervous & Endocrine systems returning the body to
homeostasis
c. Exhaustion Stage: Point where bofy can no longer return to homeostasis
Chapter 24
II. Body Fluid Homeostasis: Pertains to water within the body and the particles
dissolved in it.
i. Fluid Distribution: Occurs through osmosis, water moves to
higher osmolality, cell membranes permeable to water, not electrolytes.
ii. Extracellular Fluid: OUTSIDE THE CELL
1. 1/3 BODY FLUID IN ADULTS
2. Infants have more extracellular fluid as compared to intracellular
iii.Intracellular Fluid: INSIDE THE CELL
1. 2/3 BODY FLUID IN ADULTS
III. Fluid Imbalances
a. Volume Deficit
i. Etiology: Caused by removal of a sodium-containing fluid from the
body
ii. Clinical Manifestations:Sudden weight loss, postural blood pressure decrease with concurrent increased heart rate, flat neck veins,
lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope, oliguria, decreased skin turgot, dryness of oral mucus membranes, hard stools, soft sunken
eyeballs, lonitudinal furrows in the tongue
1. INFANTS: fontanel may be sunken, neck veins are not reliably assessed in infants
b. Volume Excess
i. Etiology: Amount of extracellular fluid is abnormally increased,
vascular and intersitial areas have too much fluid
ii. Clinical Manifestations:
1. Circulatory Overload: Bounding pulse, neck vein distention
in upright position, crackles in dependent portions of lungs,
dyspnea, orthopnea
2. Sudden Weight Gain: A sensitive measure of extracellular
fluid
3. INFANT: Bulging fontanel, assessment of neck veins is not
effective in infants
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