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Figure 1 shows a cyclist riding along a straight, level road at a constant speed. Figure 1 1 (a)  Complete the sentences. As the cyclist rides along the road, the _______________________ energy ... store in the cyclist’s body decreases. The speed of the cyclist is constant when the work done by the cyclist is _______________________ the work done against air resistance. (2) Figure 2 shows how the speed changes as the power output of the cyclist changes. Figure 2 (b)  Write down the equation that links power, time and work done. ___________________________________________________________________ (1) Aston Academy Page 2 of 84(c)  Calculate the work done by the cyclist when his power output is 200 W for 1800 seconds. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Work done = ______________________ J (3) (d)  Calculate the percentage increase in speed of the cyclist when the power output changes from 200 W to 300 W. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Percentage increase in speed = ___________ (2) (e)  The maximum speed this cyclist can travel on a level road is 14 m/s. How does cycling uphill affect the maximum speed of this cyclist? Explain your answer. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (3) (Total 11 marks) Aston Academy Page 3 of 84About half of the UK’s electricity is generated in coal-burning power stations and nuclear power stations. (a) Coal-burning power stations and nuclear power stations provide a reliable way of generating electricity. What is meant by a reliable way of generating electricity? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1) 2 (b) Over the next few years, most of the older nuclear power stations in the UK will be closed down, and the process of decommissioning will start. What does it mean to decommission a nuclear power station? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1) (c) Climate change has been strongly linked to the emission of carbon dioxide. Many governments around the world are committed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Generating electricity can increase carbon dioxide emissions. The companies generating electricity could reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Give two ways the companies could do this. 1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) Aston Academy Page 4 of 84(d) Electricity is distributed from power stations to consumers along the National Grid. The voltage across the overhead cables of the National Grid needs to be much higher than the output voltage from the power station generators. Explain why. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (3) (Total 7 marks) The diagram below shows four stages in the production of electricity by a coal-fired power 3 station. (a) (i) Write down two environmental problems which are caused by burning coal to generate electricity. 1. ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (ii) How may these environmental problems be reduced? 1. ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Aston Academy Page 5 of 842. ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (4) (b) Some data for Didcot coal-fired power station is given below. Number of generators 4 Maximum continuous power rating of a generator 500 MW at 23 500 V Energy content of coal used 2.66 × 1010 J per tonne Total quantity of coal used each day 18 289 tonnes Use the given data to calculate: (i) the total electrical energy output each day. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Answer ________________________J/day (ii) the total input of coal energy each day. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Answer ________________________J/day (iii) the efficiency of the power station. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Answer ________________________ % (8) Aston Academy Page 6 of 84(c) Energy is conserved. (i) Choose one of the stages in the diagram at the start of the question. State what happens to the wasted energy during this stage. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (ii) Explain what happens to all wasted energy during energy transfers. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (3) (Total 15 marks) Antarctica is a huge land mass surrounding the Earth’s south pole. It is covered in a very thick layer of ice and is the only remaining large area of the Earth’s surface that has not been affected very much by humans. There are, however, teams of scientists from various countries studying Antarctica. These scientists need electricity for lighting, for their computers and other scientific instruments and to communicate, via satellite, with the rest of the world. The temperature in Antarctica is always sub-zero, so the scientists need some way of keeping their buildings warm. They also need fuel to be able to get around on their snowmobiles. 4 Aston Academy Page 7 of 84Scientists cannot avoid affecting the environment. However, they want to affect it as little as possible. Atmospheric pollution produced in one country eventually affects the whole of the Earth’s atmosphere. The hole that appears each year in the ozone layer above Antarctica, for example, is mainly caused by pollutants such as CFCs from countries in the northern half of the Earth. Aston Academy Page 8 of 84Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using the following energy sources to meet the scientists’ needs: • solar energy • energy from the wind • natural gas (present in large quantities deep down in the Antarctic land mass) • diesel oil (which would have to be imported) [Show More]

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