NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 All questions and answers. Latest 2022/2023.

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-a problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the... SNS stimulation. What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - Ans-due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the intestines, intussusception What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? - Ans-hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,) Explain what jaundice is? - Ans-green- yellow staining of tissues from increased level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin Where can you find jaundice on assessment? - Ans-eyes, skin, and mouth Explain what ascites is? - Ans-pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - Ans-neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and psychotic symptoms common along with jerking What is another name for end stage liver disease? - Ans-cirrhosis What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones? - Ans-sudden pain in the RUQ/ center of the abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and vomiting. Why do gallstones occur? - Ans-due to often a blockage of a duct from a cholesterol filled stone What are the three stages of gallstone formation? - Ans-supersaturation, nucleation, hypo motility Explain supersaturation phase - Ans-bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing precipitation of cholesterol Explain nucleation phase - Ans-the bile crystals begin to stick together and become larger stones Explain hypo motility phase - Ans-the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow more What are some of the risk factors for gallstones? - Ans-prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, estrogen, obesity What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis? - Ans-steady and dull pain in the center or LUQ of abdomen, severe tenderness on palpation that radiates to the back, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distention with hypoactive bowel sounds, low grade fevers What are the causes of pancreatitis? - Ans-alcoholism is most causes, biliary tract disease where the enzymes attack the pancreas, hypertriglyceridemia What are the three function of the kidneys - Ans-excretion, elimination, regulation Explain what excretion is? - Ans-removal of organic waste products from body fluids Explain what elimination is? - Ans-discharge of the waste products from the body Explain what regulation is? - Ans-regulating blood volume, ion concentration, blood pH and nutrients What are signs and symptoms indicating one may have a renal disorder? - Ans-pain in the back flank area that is felt at the CVA angle on percussion, tenderness, abnormal urinalysis findings What types of things are abnormal regarding urinalysis? - Ans-dark, strong smelling urine, bacteria in the urine, cloudy urine, ketones or glucose or proteins in the urine, blood in the urine (except during menses) What is polycystic kidney disease? - Ans-an inherited condition of the kidney resulting in one having fluid filled cysts on one or both kidneys. if left untreated renal failure with need for dialysis or kidney transplant occurring What causes polycystic kidney disease? - Ans-it is inherited genetically What are the types of polycystic kidney disease? - Ans-autosomal recessive and dominant What is a nephron(s)? - Ans-they are in the kidney and helps to filter blood and remove waste products How many nephrons do the kidneys have? - Ans-1-2 million What is hematuria? - Ans-blood found in the urine not due to menstruation What is proteinuria? - Ans-protein found in the urine What does it mean when one has ketones in their urine? - Ans-they have type 1 diabetes What is nephrolithiasis? - Ans-kidney stones that [Show More]

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