A_P_MED Final_Exam_Review__LATEST 2022 (UPDATED) RATED 100%

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There is a question on body positions, ex. superior/inferior, medial/lateral. What is the “pectoral” area? - superior: above Inferior: below Medial: toward the middle Lateral: away from ... the middle Pectoral area: chest  Positive/negative feedback -Positive feedback: requires an external event to stop or control the stimulus; has potential to become self-perpetuating and harmful cycle Ex: childbirth: during labor oxytocin is released which intensifies and speeds up contractions, the increase in contractions causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle goes until the baby is born. -Negative feedback: a stimulus initiates a response that reverses or decreases stimulus, thereby stopping response until stimulus occurs again. Contains its own “brake” Ex: sweating on a hot day: external temp rises  body response is to sweat (homeostasis) so excess body heat be evaporated from skin  lowers body temp turns off sweating mechanism.  General organ systems questions (endocrine, etc.) -Table 1-1 pg. 7  What is the fluid type found in veins? -Extracellular fluid (plasma)  When you see “pumps” in a Q., ex. sodium or potassium pumps, what process do you think of? Hint: it has the word ‘active’ in it -Active transport  Cations, anions -cations: positive ion -anion: negative ion  ATP -a single adenine nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups; it’s an energy-transferring molecule, formed when cell respiration releases from food molecules, used for energyrequiring cellular processes.  Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration -diffusion: the movement of molecules from greater to lesser concentration -facilitated diffusion: movement of molecules from greater to lesser concentration but need help -osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; water will move from an area of more water to less water -filtration: requires energy but not from ATP, it is energy of mechanical pressure, filtration means that water and dissolved materials are forced through a membrane from an area of high to low pressure.  What happens if human cells are put in hypotonic solution? In hypertonic solution? -hypotonic: water will enter the cell and it will swell - hypertonic: water will leave the cell and it will shrink  What tissue type sweeps pathogens out of the trachea? -Ciliated Epithelium  What happens if a patient doesn’t have enough WBC’s? -higher risk at getting an infection  What are the membranes called that cover the spinal cord? -meninges  What connective tissue membrane covers bone? Is it: Fascia? Periosteum? -periosteum  What muscle type generates a lot of heat? -skeletal muscle  Know about endocrine glands. Do they have ducts? (yes or no) What do they secrete? -ductless glands that secrete hormones which enter capillaries and are circulated throughout the body. Hormones then bring about specific effects in their target organs. These effects include aspects of growth, use of minerals and other nutrients, and regulation of blood pressure. Examples of endocrine gland include thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and the pituitary gland. The pancreas is both endocrine and exocrine and the exocrine secretes digestive enzymes that are carried by ducts to the duodenum of the small intestine. [Show More]

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