WST 100 Final Exam 2022/2023 with complete solutions

sexual orientation and sexuality - ANSWER Defined by a person's attraction to and desire for people of a given sex/gender (romantic, emotional, sexual); generally binary - heterosexual vs. homosexual, but there's also bi ...

sexual orientation and sexuality - ANSWER Defined by a person's attraction to and desire for people of a given sex/gender (romantic, emotional, sexual); generally binary - heterosexual vs. homosexual, but there's also bisexual heteronormativity - ANSWER Heterosexuality is constructed as the norm; form of power that exerts itself on heterosexuals and homosexuals through the assumed naturalness of specific practices and institutions; a racialized - white bodies are normative subjects of heterosexual experience; in gay couple, which one is "male" and which is "female"? sexual scripts - ANSWER Ideas we have about how people should engage in sexual activity; ex: men watch porn, women are sexy, old couples don't have sex, men ask women out; these are ideas/ stereotypes about men and women created in our society about their proper roles in terms of sexual behavior/activity compulsory heterosexuality - ANSWER coined by Adrienne Rich; heterosexual is expected and assumed sexual orientation until proved otherwise, it is adopted, mandatory; heterosexual is rewarded with privilege and power; makes coming out difficult for gays and lesbians heterosexism - ANSWER tied to homophobia; bias in favor of heterosexuality (cultural); puts gays and lesbians at disadvantage, puts privilege on hetersexuals homophobia - ANSWER Intense hatred or fear of homosexuals (individual) queer - ANSWER A unifying sociopolitical term that refers to a range of sexual identities that are not "straight"; can refer to gays, asexuals, transgenders, etc.; denaturalizes and calls into question the stability of identity categories based on sexual orientation; categories of "straight" and "gay" have established and policed the line between normal and abnormal sexuality; attempt to reclaim stigmatized word, used in academic studies heteroflexibility - ANSWER Heterosexual women hinting at or experimenting with same-sex sexuality; experiment in female same-sex sexuality that acknowledges some same sex desire/attraction without explicitly challenging a "mostly" heterosexual self-identification; purely "performative" by women for male sexual arousal? Trivializing homosexuality or hinting at radical possibilities? issues surrounding LGBTQ - ANSWER difficult to gain power; have no privilege; misrepresented and heavily stereotyped in the media; "Further off the Straight and Narrow" video media and sexuality - ANSWER we only see heterosexist images; "real women need real men" - only acceptable option; constructs of sex and gender are connected to sexuality; women must be both sexy and virginal at same time; sex used to sell everything; homosexuality in media is only conditionally acceptable (gay men as middle class) how much media are americans exposed to daily? - ANSWER more than 10 hours how are women portrayed in media? men? - ANSWER emphasis is on appearance, focused on the way women look; prescribed gender roles in terms of race, sexuality, class, age; display women as passive - told most important attribute is beauty; for men, told to focus on performance and strength what kind of ads are aimed toward women? - ANSWER ads promoting youth and how to look younger, ads promoting weight loss; cosmetic surgery how are women of color portrayed in media? - ANSWER media is white-washed; few women of color are seen very specifically and in narrow ways, as exotic, in leopard print, etc. male gaze - ANSWER John Berger - ways of seeing; "Men act and women appear. Men look at women, women watch themselves being looked at."; women are aware of being seen by male spectator; assumed ideal spectator is male, white, heterosexual; males do gazing and females are object of gaze; although women are the target audience of women's magazines, they are seeing themselves as men might see them, they imply a male point of view; men are active, women are passive how are women's bodies portrayed in media? what messages about femininity do they send? - ANSWER they're often dismembered, objectified; used to sell product completely unrelated to them; just one body part shown, highlighting object; thin, young, beautiful, predominantly white, sexy but innocent, set up for male gaze the beauty myth - ANSWER images of women in media, as thin, young, beautiful, sexy but innocent, etc., are not real, images are unattainable, don't exist; models are genetically thin, long legs, big breasts; then pics are airbrushed and computer enhanced; models are 23% thinner than average woman what are height and weight of average model? woman? - ANSWER model: 5'11" and 117; woman: 5'4" and 140 eating disorders - ANSWER spur from extreme body dissatisfaction; estimated eight million people in the U.S. have eating disorders, including 10% of high school and college-age youth, 90-95% are female; severe mental and physical effects, high death rates, long and difficult recovery; eating disorders are one of hardest mental illnesses to treat what are types of eating disorders? - ANSWER anorexia nervosa: refusal to maintain weight, fear of fat, starvation, body image distortion, absence of menstrual cycles; bulimia nervosa: recurrent episodes of binge eating, loss of control around food, purging; binge eating disorder: recurrent episodes of binge eating more than bulimia, loss of control around food, does not purge; others include muscle dysmorphia, compulsive exercising, and appearance obsession what do eating disorders affect? - ANSWER energy level, mood, attitude, behavior, mental ability, relationships, school, work, dreams, goals, spirituality, finances, lifestyle, physical health, eating, hunger, weight causes of eating disorders - ANSWER psychological factors - low self-esteem, inadequate feelings, lack of control in life, depression, anxiety, loneliness; interpersonal factors - troubled family, relationships, difficulty expressing feelings and emotions, history of abuse, trauma; social factors - cultural pressures, glorifying thinness, narrow definition of beauty, overvalue appearance; additional factors - coping behavior, genetics, biology, dieting cosmetic/plastic surgery - ANSWER previously done on men for war/ industrial accidents; now largely outnumbered by women seeking it for purely aesthetic purposes; number of plastic surgeries increase every year, while the average age of those seeking it drops; one of most performed is breast augmentation, which is linked to cultural notions of femininity; women think they can stop aging and buy a contoured body leading to restored youth, permanent beauty; they're risking their lives feminist response to plastic surgery - ANSWER Feminists argue women have the right to choose to do what they want with their bodies, but they question who has the power? Why are women doing it - for themselves or others? Beauty in our country is about what? - ANSWER less about what you are and more about what you are not women and television - ANSWER mainly white females; living in city/suburbia, part of higher class, independent but ultimately searching for man/marriage; typically have female jobs, and all meet beauty standard The Ellen Show - ANSWER pop culture icon, first to come out as openly gay on TV, talks openly, honestly and publicly about discrimination faced in the LGTBQ community, defined by her sexuality women as leaders - ANSWER Have double bind: need to portray masculine, leader-like characteristics to be effective leaders; can't be too masculine or too feminine; Hillary Clinton - masculine vision, in your face, authoritative; Wall Street Journal - fashion companies have discovered a lucrative new marketing vehicle: Sarah Palin; Michelle Obama's hell-colored nightmare dress successful women - ANSWER While women are making great success; often critiqued, judged often on appearance first above talents; either beauty or the beast/ masculine; success for men and women measured differently; women have to live up to the beauty standard how do we make change? - ANSWER don't buy into the mainstream; consumerism doesn't create happiness or make you look "beautiful"; support media that promotes change; support Real Women's Stories; social change: promote positive images, boycott negative images, blog, mentor, intern psychopath killer in horror films conventions - ANSWER almost always male, stalking his prey (very rarely female, if so she is perceived as "masculine"); serial killer provides continuity from victim to victim and sequel to sequel; killer is a fixed element and victims are changeable; represents masculinity - strong, powerful, lack of emotion, yet is an outcast to society; camera angle - shot from killer's perspective (objectifies female, male gaze); his voyeurism suggests sexual intent slasher horror films conventions - ANSWER referred to by some critics as "women-in-danger" or "violence-to-women" films; most victims are women - subjects of aggression, tormented, tortured, helpless, young, thin, beautiful, and running towards danger, wearing lingerie; murder always occurs during/after sex scene - linking violence to sex; takes place in the evening, usually a group of teenagers; according to Clover, encroaching on porn; relies on the coupling of sex and death to entice the viewer Would horror films work if gender roles were reversed? - ANSWER NO; would seem completely unnatural - women as aggressive and violent, men screaming for their lives cowering in the corner; this represents the stronghold patriarchy has on the genre and on pop culture in general and how rigid and defined gender roles are in our culture demands on women in horror films - ANSWER remain innocent/virginal; defined in terms of their sexuality or lack thereof; the maintenance of oppression and repression of female sexuality; remain passive, inactive; reinforces female role in society - what is defined as "feminine" gender and violence in horror films - ANSWER violence passes as "normal culture" only when committed by men; normalizes & eroticizes violent sex/ sex crimes; pop culture speaks to and from our culture at large; see the same patterns of violence against women in our society in outrageous numbers every year (rape, d.v., femicide, sexual harassment, etc.) female characters in horror films - ANSWER normally it is the virginal character that is under threat (easier to create fear, tension and empathy with a virtuous character) but the promiscuous ones who generally die good girl vs bad girl in horror films; who survives? - ANSWER good girl: defined by lack of sexuality, the virgin, heroine who does not have sex, alter ego, inevitably becomes the "Final Girl"; bad girl: defined by her sexuality, the *****, villainess who has sex, dark lady, first to be murdered; the virgin survives, sex equals death. final girl in horror films - ANSWER resourceful, young female who we're forced to identify with; sees small signs of danger, intelligent, confident; survives the serial attack until sequel; triumphs over perversity of her tormentor; closure is often symbolized by the breaking of day - heroine's emergence into daylight; reinforces conservative ideals of chastity even as it revels in the very elements it preaches against, power is defined in terms of sexuality, thus women defined in terms of men; final girl is not a "girl" but a "stand in" for a boy but also labeled "not fully feminine" coercive sex/sexual coercion - ANSWER the act of using pressure, alcohol or drugs, or force to have sexual contact with someone against his or her will violence against women - ANSWER any violation of a woman's personhood - mental, physical, emotional; reflective of a culture that normalizes and glamorizes violence; men are overwhelmingly the perpetrators; social constructionist view: This is not "natural"!; media contributes to normalization of violence, not directly though continuum and types of violence against women - ANSWER all forms are connected and reinforce one another; incest, partner violence, rape, gay bullying, language, sexual assault, street harassment, stalking domestic violence - ANSWER pattern of behavior that includes the use or threat of violence and intimidation for the purpose of gaining power and control over another person; physical, economic, emotional, sexual, verbal abuse, isolation, control; still considered a "personal" issue despite media influence, difficult to report and prosecute, limited protection for non-heterosexuals and non-married couples, little funding for protection programs cycle of violence - ANSWER refers to the three part process that frequently occurs in violent relationships: 1. tension building, 2. explosion 3. honeymoon phase stereotypes of domestic violence - ANSWER race (blacks), ethnicity, class (powerful men, poor men), sexuality (heterosexuals), region, religion representations of violence - ANSWER there are often stereotypical perpetrators and victims violence protection shelters - ANSWER three deaths per day; chance of being killed or injured is HIGHER after leaving shelter stalking - ANSWER gendered, not taken seriously, increased due to technology, depicted as romantic or endearing in the media street harassment - ANSWER wide variety of comments and behaviors in which strangers on the street (typically men) comment in a variety of ways about female appearance and/or ask for or refer to a desire to engage in sexual activity; women feel uncomfortable, awkward, offended, uncertain how to respond; women's bodies are seen as available for men's pleasure, men feel entitled to comment on women's bodies, women are expected to appreciate any type of "compliment" from men sexualization of violence - ANSWER Gender and sexuality often conflated; sexual scripts are gendered; violence and sex become intertwined; "rape culture": we must contextualize violence within a cultural system in which sex and violence are inextricably linked; cultural images create a climate where violence is normalized; these cultural images and attitudes foster an environment in which sexual violence becomes normalized rape - ANSWER defined as any sexual act committed against a person's will; legally, sexual assault is defined as knowingly engaging in sexual intercourse or oral sexual contact with any person without the consent of that person; laws vary by state acquaintance rape - ANSWER Sexual assault by someone you know; often called "date rape"; most common: 75%; college campuses are conducive to date rape because excessive drinking, drug availability, peer pressure, score mentality, hook-up culture rape myths - ANSWER Rape is a crime of passion, rape only happens to those who ask for it, women actually fantasize about being raped or having forced sex, women lie about being raped, women cannot be raped against their will, men and boys cannot be raped, most rapes are spontaneous acts in dark alleys between strangers, rapists are insane criminals pointers on rape and sexual violence - ANSWER 1 - cuts across socioeconomic and racial lines, those who both commit and receive sexual violence come from all ages, races, religions, income, and educational levels; 2 - rape is least likely type of violence to be reported, for several reasons including institutional problems; 3 - rape has lowest conviction rates, average time served, if even, is 2-3 years, victims are often not believed if they don't stay silent; 4 - victim blaming is common, they participated in own victimization, victims even blame themselves too, victim blaming serves as psychological protective mechanism; 5 - not taken seriously, we deny existence of sexual violence, downplay the acts, discontinuity between statistics and violence portrayed in media politics of reproduction - ANSWER who will shape public policy and laws, who will make decisions, who will control reproduction; examples: menstruation, birth control, abortion, fertility, childbirth, adoption, breast feeding, menopause; these are examples of more than just the individual's choice, other parties are involved; these are issues of power history of contraception - ANSWER women's networks spread info on health and contraception; used herbal, natural products, abortifacients since ancient past; prior to 1840s: no condoms or birth control pill, abortions were often sought from unmarried women engaged in illicit affairs; between 1840s and 1860s, abortion becomes visible and # rises dramatically, urban women tried to limit family size, contraception sees increased use by white, married, middle class women, one of the first medical specialties, first laws regarding abortion were to protect women from unscrupulous distributors, not to prevent them from seeking them; switch between 1860s and 1880s: AMA licensed physicians lead massive and successful campaign against abortion, by 1890 every state had varying laws against abortion, contraception also became targeted by social purity movement (Comstock Law); switch between 1910-1920: reversal in attitudes toward birth control (not abortion), eugenics movement, women of color, immigrant women, physically/mentally handicapped women, etc. encouraged by movement to limit reproduction; 1960s: the Pill is introduced in 1961, more working women, trying to limit family size and age to have children, global population concerns, health concerns with thalidomide and 1964 german measles epidemic associated with birth defects abortifacient - ANSWER a drug that causes an abortion quickening - ANSWER British common Law that became American common law; it is the first perception of fetal movement by the pregnant women, usually occurs in the 4th or 5th month, but varies pregnancy to pregnancy; legal status of abortion dependent on this Comstock Law - ANSWER 1873: made birth control a federal crime; in 1872 Comstock set off for Washington with an anti-obscenity bill, including a ban on contraceptives, that he had drafted himself; March 3, 1873, Congress passed the new law, later known as the Comstock Act; the statute defined contraceptives as obscene and illicit, making it a federal offense to disseminate birth control through the mail or across state lines eugenics movement - ANSWER pseudo scientific idea that human society could be improved by breeding from the best "stock" (white women) and limiting the reproduction of the worst Margaret Sanger - ANSWER coined the phrase birth control in 1913; arrested and jailed after opening a birth control clinic in Brooklyn in 1916 - led to the opening of many other clinics when was the pill introduced? - ANSWER 1961 Roe v. Wade and responses - ANSWER 1973; based on medical technology of the day - legalizes abortion once again; 1st trimester - woman has complete control over her pregnancy, 2nd trimester - woman can still seek an abortion but the state can regulate the conditions under which it is provided, 3rd trimester - states can limit a woman's ability to get an abortion to specific situations such as to save the life of the mother, etc.; as a result, two major court decisions allowed women's rights to be eroded without completely overturning Roe v. Wade - 1989 Webster and 1993 Casey decisions, plus laws were created that banned counseling, notified husband, notified parents, informed consent, 24 hr waiting periods, bans on facilities and funding reproduction rights today - ANSWER abortion is legal but often unavailable - less than 13% of counties actually have providers; abortion and birth control remain controversial RU - 486 - ANSWER an abortion pill approved in US in 2000 FACE 1994 - ANSWER Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act; US law that prohibited use or threat of force toward those obtaining reproductive health services, those practicing religious freedom, and prohibited damage to heath or religious facilities liberal feminism - ANSWER a particular approach to achieving equality between men and women that emphasizes the power of an individual person to alter discriminatory practices against women marxist feminism - ANSWER a branch of feminism focused on investigating and explaining the ways in which women are oppressed through systems of capitalism and private property ecofeminism - ANSWER an activist and academic movement that sees critical connections between the domination of nature and the exploitation of women; a movement that sees a connection between the exploitation and degradation of the natural world and the subordination and oppression of women radical feminism - ANSWER a perspective within feminism that calls for a radical reordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts; radical feminists seek to abolish patriarchy by challenging existing social norms and institutions, rather than through a purely political process cultural feminism - ANSWER developed from radical feminism, although they hold many opposing views; an ideology of a "female nature" or "female essence" that attempts to revalidate what cultural feminists consider undervalued female attributes; theory that commends the difference between women and men wage gap - ANSWER expressed as a percentage (e.g., in 2013, women earned 78.3% as much as men aged 16 and over) and is calculated by dividing the median annual earnings for women by the median annual earnings for men; currently 77 cents to a dollar glass ceiling - ANSWER an unofficially acknowledged barrier to advancement in a profession, especially affecting women and members of minorities; you can see what's above you, but you can't get there sticky floors - ANSWER a discriminatory employment pattern that keeps a certain group of people at the bottom of the job scale; most are "pink collar workers"; they are stuck where they are on the ladder FMLA - ANSWER Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993; a United States federal law requiring covered employers to provide employees job-protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons second shift - ANSWER a term used to describe the workload women have over and above what men have; in mainstream society, women's second shift mostly consists of childcare and domestic labour