Exam One Study Guide frequently test questions with approved perfectly highlighted answers

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Exam One Study Guide frequently test questions with approved perfectly highlighted answers 1. Dr. Mosher is a psychologist who tries to understand how people select their mates. She must be a(n) _... _______. a. behavioral psychologist b. cognitive psychologist c. evolutionary psychologist d. biopsychological psychologist 2. Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization? a. psychoanalysis b. Humanism c. cognitive perspective d. Behaviorism 3. Dr. Wiseman wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. He should ________. a. give the survey to every college junior in the country b. remember that sample size is the most critical factor in survey research c. require students' names on each survey to avoid the tendency to lie d. draw a representative sample among college juniors 4. A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other. a. True b. False 5. ________ is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group, but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group. a. The double-blind study b. Field research c. The single-blind study d. Correlational research 6. All of the following are accurate statements regarding random assignment EXCEPT __________. a. it is a procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups b. it is a procedure in which each subject has the same possibility of being assigned to a given group c. it is a procedure in which subjects are assigned to a positive correlation or a negative correlation condition d. it is a procedure that allows individual characteristics to be roughly balanced between groups 7. Which noted African-American psychologist held a post as president of Shaw University in North Carolina and then president of Virginia State College? a. Charles Henry Thompson b. Howard Hale Long c. Robert Prentiss Daniel d. Albert Sidney Beckham 8. On a television talk show, an actor describes the symptoms of anxiety he has been experiencing. He reports that the severity of the symptoms has decreased since he has been taking a drug prescribed by his therapist back in Hollywood. You conclude that the actor's therapist is probably a ________. a. podiatrist b. psychiatrist c. clinical psychologist d. counseling psychologist 9. Which research method involves watching behaviors as they occur without intervening or altering the behaviors in any way? a. case study b. experiment c. correlational studies d. naturalistic observation 10. The general curiosity about why people think, feel, and behave the way they do: a. primarily happened after World War II. b. is about a century old. c. is several centuries old. d. has always probably been with us. 11. Rob was named to the first team All-American basketball team last year. However, he is academically ineligible to play this year due to failing several classes. As a result, he is ________. a. supporting the idea that collegiate student athletes are not as smart as non-athletes b. supporting the idea that professors are biased in grading assignments of collegiate student athletes c. supporting the idea that negative stereotypes exist for collegiate student athletes that they are likely to perform poorly in academics compared to non-athletes d. supporting the idea that athletes have higher GPAs than non-athletes 12. A correlation coefficient is represented by the symbol ________. a. large letter "C" b. large letter "R" c. small letter "c" d. small letter "r" 13. Which of the following is NOT an empirical question? a. "Will you get an A in this class?" b. "Is there life on Mars?" c. "Did the universe start with a big bang?" d. "Would Martin Luther King, Jr. have been a good president?" 14. In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior, psychology also attempts to ________ these phenomena. a. predict and control b. analyze and manipulate c. categorize and organize d. synthesize and regulate 15. Which of the following statements is true about naturalistic observation? a. It recreates natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an experiment more valid. b. It involves observing behavior in its natural context. c. It is basically the same process as objective introspection. d. It involves observing behavior in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological equipment to measure the experimental findings. 16. Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior? a. William James and Wilhelm Wundt b. B. F. Skinner and Max Wertheimer c. Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson d. Carl Rogers and Edward Titchener 17. ________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied. a. The double-blind study b. Field research c. The single-blind study d. Correlational research 18. The goals of psychology are to ________. a. explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind b. understand, compare, and analyze human behavior c. improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death d. describe, explain, predict, and control behavior 19. Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect? a. You sleep because you are tired. b. You throw up after eating bad meat. c. You have surgery to repair a defective heart valve. d. You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol. 20. When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of ________. a. case study research b. naturalistic observation c. survey research d. psychometric study 21. The placebo effect means ________. a. all conditions in an experiment are the same b. that there is no control group c. the expectations of the participants influence their behavior d. experimenter bias causes the subjects to act strangely 22. A correlation coefficient represents two things: ________ and ________. a. a representative sample; strength b. strength; direction of the relationship c. the experimental group; control group d. direction of the relationship; expectant functionality 23. In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes refers to ________. a. internal, covert activities b. outward behavior c. overt actions and reactions d. only animal behavior 24. The question "What is happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology? a. Description b. Explanation c. Prediction d. Control 25. The school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying: a. the reasons people give for their behaviors. b. the specific personality traits that lead to behavior. c. how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response. d. the purposes of people's behavior. 26. Which topic would NOT be investigated by a psychologist if the definition of psychology were limited to "the science of behavior"? a. relation between grade-point average and salary b. thought processes students used while trying to answer this question c. how changes in the rate of television violence influence real-life violence d. effectiveness of several treatments for people who suffer from depression 27. Unintended changes in participants' behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter are called ________. a. replications b. experimenter effects c. volunteer biases d. single-blind studies 28. You overhear psychology students preparing for a test. They note that one of the research methods often "fails to generalize." Which method is the MOST likely topic of their discussion? a. correlation b. case study c. experiment d. surveys 29. "There is no life outside this solar system, and nothing you can say will change that fact!" Which criterion of critical thinking does this person lack? a. "Evidence is only necessary if it can be tested." b. "All evidence is not equal in quality." c. "Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true." d. "Critical thinking requires an open mind." 30. Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement? a. William James b. Sigmund Freud c. B. F. Skinner d. Wilhelm Wundt 31. Darley and Latané (1968) believe that the presence of other people in a distressing situation decreased the likelihood that they would receive help due to ________. a. diffusion of anonymity b. diffusion of responsibility c. flaws in laws protecting Good Samaritans d. timeliness of onset 32. Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine what kind of job those employees might best perform are interested in the goal of ________. a. description b. explanation c. prediction d. control 33. There are fewer psychologists in the areas of educational, school, and cognitive combined than counseling psychologists. a. True b. False 34. Brock is the star quarterback on his college football team. When scoring his first test, his anatomy professor was surprised that he earned an "A+" because ________. a. research suggests that athletes have poorer performance on tests than non-athletes b. research suggests that athletes do not spend as much time studying than non-athletes c. research suggests that football stars often cheat to find academic success d. research suggests that athletes have higher performance on tests than non-athletes 35. Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method? a. What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability? b. Does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations? c. Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses? d. What is the relationship between number of hours of study per week and grade point average? 36. What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed? a. free will b. brain physiology c. the unconscious mind d. external consequences 37. Dr. Jones probably agrees with the _______ theory of psychology, since he contends that humans are intelligent species due to the fact that intelligence gives us an advantage in the natural world. a. psychoanalytic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. evolutionary 38. If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the ________ perspective. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. cognitive 39. Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? a. .50 b. .25 c. –.25 d. –.75 40. Student athletes who believed they were accepted to college based on their athletic performance were also found to have higher scores on tests than non-athletes. a. True b. False 41. A correlation coefficient shows that smoking and life expectancy are indeed related. As a result, a researcher could predict that ________ if the direction of the relationship is known. a. if a person smokes a lot of cigarettes, he or she will have less money monthly to buy gas b. the person's life expectancy will go up or down based on the number of cigarettes the person smokes daily c. if a person smokes cigarettes, he or she will eventually develop lung cancer d. a person's lungs will repair themselves and he or she will live a longer life 42. Double-blind studies control for ________. a. only the placebo effect b. only the experimenter effect c. both the placebo effect and the experimenter effect d. extrinsic motivation 43. The question "What is happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology? a. description b. explanation c. prediction d. control 44. Which of the following statements is correct concerning correlation coefficients? a. A correlation of +.89 is strong and –.89 is weak. b. A correlation of +.89 and –.89 are both strong and equally so. c. Correlation coefficients are indicators of cause and effect. d. A correlation of +1.5 is very strong. 45. What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time? a. "Focus on observable behavior." b. "Life is an effort to overcome inferiority." c. "We cannot know others until we know ourselves." d. "Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes." 46. Which equipment is used to monitor brain waves? a. CT scans b. functional magnetic resonance imaging c. microelectrode d. electroencephalograph 47. The central nervous system consists of ______. a. the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions b. the brain and spinal cord c. muscles and glands d. sense organs and sensory neurons 48. A nerve is a group of ________ bundled together. a. axons b. interneurons c. dendrites d. glial cells 49. Since Norma is a split-brain patient, we can infer that she likely has a history of ________. a. mental illness b. severe epilepsy c. anosognosia d. frontal lobe damage 50. The hormone released by the pineal gland that reduces body temperature and prepares you for sleep is ________. a. melatonin b. DHEA c. parathormone d. thyroxin 51. Marta was in an automobile accident and suffered an injury to her brain, resulting in paralysis of her left arm. What part of Marta's brain was injured? a. auditory association area b. motor cortex c. association areas d. somatosensory cortex 52. Neurons that carry information from the senses to the spinal cord are called ________. a. motor neurons b. interneurons c. sensory neurons d. reflexes 53. The ________ is the part of the brain responsible for the formation of long-term memories. a. hippocampus b. hypothalamus c. fornix d. amygdala 54. Every deliberate action you make, such as pedaling a bike, walking, scratching, or smelling a flower, involves neurons in the ______ nervous system. a. Sympathetic b. Somatic c. Parasympathetic d. Autonomic 55. Robert's mother is usually meticulous in her presentation. When picking her up for a family dinner, he noticed that her makeup was only applied to the right side of her face. Her hair was also brushed on the right side, but on the left it was matted and uncombed. He immediately took her to the hospital after she was unaware of any problems. She was diagnosed with ________, which is evidenced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere. a. Wernicke's aphasia b. Broca's aphasia c. spatial neglect d. split-brain 56. Neuroplasticity is most evident in which of the following circumstances? a. during the elderly years b. when we learn something new or store new information c. when we are trying to undo previous pruning d. when reuptake of excess neurotransmitters is taking place 57. The ________ is a structure in the brain stem that plays a role in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal. a. reticular activating system b. Pons c. Medulla d. Cerebellum 58. The nervous system is defined as________. a. a complex network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body b. a specialized cell that makes up the brain and nervous system c. all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run throughout the body itself d. a gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone 59. Which of the following is a function of the right hemisphere? a. perception, recognition of emotion, and recognition of patterns b. sense of time and rhythm c. speech, handwriting, and calculation d. language processing in most individuals 60. After being bitten by a black widow spider, Jean starts to convulse. This is a result of ________. a. a lack of GABA being released into her bloodstream b. a resurgence of neurotransmitters overstimulating her brain stem c. a surge of chemicals blocking the transmission of fluids to the spinal cord d. a flood of acetylcholine releasing into the body's muscle system 61. Which of the following neurotransmitters functions as a common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? a. Serotonin b. GABA c. Acetylcholine d. Norepinephrine 62. The state during which a neuron contains more negatively charged ions inside the cell than outside the cell and is not firing is referred to as the ________. a. action potential b. quiet potential c. synaptic potential d. resting potential 63. The fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell is called the ________. a. receptor site b. Synapse c. synaptic knob d. axon terminal 64. Voluntary muscles are controlled by the ________ nervous system. a. Somatic b. Autonomic c. Sympathetic d. Parasympathetic 65. An auto accident rendered Chris's nervous system unable to send messages for him to breathe, so he is on a respirator. Which brain structure was damaged in the accident? a. Pons b. Medulla c. Cerebellum d. reticular formation 66. The part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal is called the ________ nervous system. a. Central b. Somatic c. Sympathetic d. Parasympathetic 67. Since Jessica suffered a head injury in a car accident 3 months ago, she has not experienced dreams as she had in the past. She used to dream vivid, active dreams. Which part of her brain was most likely affected during the car accident, which is related to her problem dreaming? a. Pons b. Cerebellum c. cerebral cortex d. pituitary gland 68. The section of the brain responsible for interpreting the visual information in the primary visual cortex is called the ________. a. visual association cortex b. somatosensory cortex c. temporal lobe d. frontal lobe 69. As she walks out of the living room, Gloriann turns out the light. In this example, Gloriann's ________ is active. a. sympathetic nervous system b. parasympathetic nervous system c. autonomic nervous system d. somatic nervous system 70. Vladimir is typing on the computer keyboard. The motion of his fingers on the keys is probably being controlled by the ________. a. autonomic nervous system b. sensory pathway neurons c. motor pathway neurons d. autonomic neurons 71. Which part of the brain is very small but extremely powerful and controls the pituitary gland? a. Hippocampus b. Thalamus c. Hypothalamus d. Amygdala 72. Pain-controlling chemicals in the body are called ________. a. neural regulators b. Histamines c. Androgens d. Endorphins 73. Agonist is to antagonist as: a. neuromodulator is to neurotransmitter. b. reuptake is to receptor. c. mimic is to block. d. block is to mimic. 74. Hormones are ________. a. the female gonads b. chemicals released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands c. chemicals found in the synaptic vesicles, which when released have an effect on the next cell d. the male gonads 75. Curare, a poison, works by ________. a. blocking receptor sites and acting as an antagonist for acetylcholine b. stimulating the release of excessive amounts of acetylcholine c. stimulating the release of neurotransmitters d. inhibiting the production of inhibitory neurotransmitters 76. Signals from the neurons of which sense are not sent to the cortex by the thalamus? a. Hearing b. Smell c. Taste d. Vision 77. Jennifer has been diagnosed with spinocerebellar degeneration. The first stage of the disease involves tremors and unsteady gate. In the later stages, she will be unable to stand, walk, and will be uncoordinated in her movements. This disease affects the part of the brain called the ________. a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. Cerebellum d. cerebral cortex 78. Which of the following statements would best describe a person who was experiencing a brain analysis technique called magnetoencephalography (MEG)? a. The patient wears a helmet-like device during the procedure. b. The patient would be injected with a radioactive tracer that is relatively easily to obtain. c. The patient would have several small electrodes attached to their scalp. d. The patient would be slid into a tube where a large magnet would circle around them for an extended period of time. 79. LaKeisha stepped on a piece of glass and quickly pulled her foot away from that sharp object. Which of the following are responsible for sending a message to the muscles in LaKeisha's foot, resulting in her pulling her foot away from the piece of glass? a. motor neurons b. Interneurons c. sensory neurons d. Reflexes 80. Which of the following lobes are involved in planning, memory, and personality? a. temporal lobes b. parietal lobes c. frontal lobes d. occipital lobes 81. Damage to the cerebellum is likely to disrupt which of the following? a. playing basketball b. Sleeping c. Homeostasis d. Thinking 82. The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called ________. a. Axons b. nerve bundles c. Dendrites d. Synapses 83. Which of the following is a group of several brain structures located in the inner margin of the upper brain and is involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation? a. limbic system b. Cerebellum c. cerebral cortex d. Cerebrum 84. When a cell is "at rest," it is in a state called the ________. a. stopping point b. obcipitation junction c. resting potential d. action potential 85. The ________ lobes are located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere, containing the centers for touch, body position, and temperature. a. Frontal b. Temporal c. Occipital d. Parietal 86. Which statement is untrue about the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? a. The PNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. b. The PNS consists of the nerves and neurons not in the central nervous system (CNS). c. The PNS allows the brain and spinal cord to coordinate with sensory systems. d. The PNS allows the brain and spinal cord to coordinate with muscles and glands in the body. 87. Marika needs to have a neuroimaging test that will track the activity of her brain, but wants to use a radioactive tracer that is more easily obtained than those used for PET. Which of the following offers the best alternative based on Marika's needs? a. electroencephalography (EEG) b. computed tomography (CT) c. functional positron emission tomography (fPET) d. single photo emission computed tomography (SPECT) 88. Small metal disks are pasted onto Miranda's scalp and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Miranda's brain is being studied through the use of ________. a. a CT scan b. functional magnetic resonance imaging c. a microelectrode d. an electroencephalogram 89. Which of the following best represents the order in which a neuron receives and transmits information? a. dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals b. axon terminals, dendrites, cell body, axon c. cell body, dendrites, axon terminals, axon d. axon, cell body, dendrites, axon terminals 90. What is the term used to describe the bulbs located at the end of the axon? a. axon terminals b. synaptic vesicles c. Synapses d. receptor sites 91. When you see someone you have a crush on and your heart pounds, your hands get sweaty, and your cheeks feel hot, your ________ is/are active. a. skeletal nervous system b. spinal reflexes c. autonomic nervous system d. somatic nervous system 92. If Darren's brain is like that of most people, then language will be handled by his ________. a. corpus callosum b. occipital lobe c. right hemisphere d. left hemisphere 93. Endocrine glands ________. a. secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream b. are chemicals released into the bloodstream c. are an extensive network of specialized cells d. are a thin layer of cells coating the axons 94. Messages from the brain to the muscles and glands in the body begin their journey in the ________. a. auditory association area b. motor cortex c. association areas d. somatosensory cortex 95. The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning is the ________. a. Axon b. cell membrane c. Dendrite d. Soma 96. The lowest intensity of a particular stimulus that enables the average person to detect that stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ________. a. absolute threshold b. difference threshold c. just noticeable difference d. psychophysical threshold 97. Which of the following occurs when, because one object appears to be blocking another object, the viewer assumes that the blocked object is farther away? a. Convergence b. linear perspective c. Overlap d. texture gradient 98. Which theory proposes that below 1,000 Hz, auditory neurons do not fire all at once but in rotation? a. place theory b. volley principle c. frequency theory d. rotational theory 99. Closure is the tendency ________. a. to perceive objects, or figures, on some background b. to complete figures that are incomplete c. to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping d. to perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern 100. Because of what you have learned about sensory adaptation, you might think that if you stared at a picture for a long period of time, the image you see would eventually fade. This would be the case if not for the tiny vibrations of your eye called ________. a. Glissades b. Microsaccades c. habituation movements d. light wave responses 101. ________ are the raw data of experience, based on the activation of certain receptors located in the various sensory organs. a. Perceptions b. Emotions c. Cognitions d. Sensations 102. The tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related is known as _________. a. similarity b. proximity c. continuity d. Contiguity 103. The idea that pain signals must pass through a type of "doorway" in the spinal cord is referred to as the ________. a. opponent-process theory of pain b. revolving door theory of pain c. substance P theory of pain d. gate-control theory of pain 104. In people who have been blind since birth and who then have had their sight restored, depth perception ________. a. is absent or severely limited b. is fully present c. takes a while to recover d. is slightly limited 105. The idea that the eye contains separate receptors for red, green, and blue is known as the ________ theory. a. opponent-process b. additive color mixing c. trichromatic d. reductive color mixing 106. The shortest wavelengths that we can see are experienced as ______ colors. a. Red b. Blue c. Green d. Yellow 107. Which is the best description of the kinesthetic sense? a. It has to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. b. It has to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. c. It has to do with movement and body position. d. It has to do with your location as compared to the position of the sun. 108. Figure-ground relationships concern ________. a. the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, on some background b. the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete c. the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping d. the tendency to perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern 109. The illusion based on the concept that most people live in a world with lots of buildings and corners is the _________. a. moon illusion b. Poggendorf illusion c. Ponzo illusion d. Müller-Lyer illusion 110. John Russell has color blindness. He is most likely to have difficulty doing which of the following? a. distinguishing red from blue b. distinguishing red from green c. distinguishing blue from yellow d. distinguishing red from yellow 111. Flavor arises from: a. taste only. b. taste and sight. c. taste and texture. d. taste and smell. 112. You hit yourself with a hammer and later suffer a deep ache. This is an example of ________. a. somatic pain b. visceral pain c. pressure pain d. free-standing pain 113. The cilia in the nasal cavity act in a manner similar to taste buds in that they ________. a. respond to various wavelengths of smell b. contain pressure-sensitive elements that detect certain molecules c. contain receptor sites that are stimulated by different molecules d. only respond to five basic smells 114. Sound waves are simply ________. a. the vibration of the molecules of the air surrounding us b. the impact of acoustrons in the air c. a form of electronic radiation d. none of these 115. Analyzing smaller features and building up to a complete perception is called ________. a. top-down processing b. bottom-up processing c. perceptual construction d. hypothesis formation 116. Why do researchers believe color deficiencies often have genetic causes? a. Dietary patterns affect color deficiencies. b. Color perception changes somewhat as we get older. c. Color deficiencies are more common in some cultures. d. More males than females suffer from color deficiencies. 117. A student takes a drug that distorts perception. He holds up his hand right in front of his face. Horrified, he yells, "I have a giant hand!" Most likely the drug interfered with ________. a. size constancy b. shape constancy c. brightness constancy d. color constancy 118. The vestibular senses are concerned with ________. a. touch, pressure, temperature, and pain b. the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other c. movement and body position d. your location as compared to the position of the sun 119. People's tendency to perceive a thing a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them is called _________. a. top-down processing b. Telepathy c. bottom-up processing d. perceptual expectancy 120. When you enter a darkened room (e.g., a movie theater), you will find it hard to see at first, but shortly afterward you will be able to see much better. This phenomenon is referred to as: a. color adaptation. b. cone adaptation. c. dark adaptation. d. light adaptation. 121. The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ______. a. absolute threshold b. range threshold c. difference threshold d. noticeable threshold 122. An illusion ________. a. is the same thing as a vision b. is due to the action of the rods versus the cones in the retina c. is a perception that does not correspond to reality d. corresponds directly to something that you dreamed 123. If you stare for 30 seconds at a red object and then look at a blank sheet of white paper, you will see a greenish image of the object. This phenomenon BEST supports ________ theory of color vision. a. the Grieco trichromatic b. the opponent-process c. the Helmholtz trichromatic d. Hering's vibration 124. Microsaccades are ________. a. tiny vibrations of the eye that prevent images from fading b. the tiny bones in the ear that transmit sound waves to the cochlea c. the photoreceptors in the eye responsible for night vision d. pain receptors in the limbs 125. One of your mother's siblings is always known for putting together awful-looking colors when getting dressed. Who is this person more likely to be? a. your aunt, because women have more problems with color vision b. your uncle, because men have more problems with color vision c. You can't tell, as men and women have an equal chance of having problems with color vision. d. Humans rarely have problems with color vision, so this wouldn't happen. 126. The visible spectrum refers to the ________. a. portion of the whole spectrum of light that is visible to the human eye b. effect of intensity on how we see dark to grey to white c. effect of the sound density on the perceptions of those with synesthesia d. well-known fact that colors are less visible to some men's eyes 127. An alien from outer space was just captured. Scientists take turns examining the creature. At a press conference, one of the scientists reports that the alien can hear frequencies between 10,000 and 30,000 Hz. How does the alien's ability to detect sound compare to a human being's ability? a. The alien and humans detect the same frequencies. b. Humans can detect higher frequencies than the alien. c. The alien can detect higher frequencies, but its hearing is not as acute at lower frequencies. d. Humans can detect higher frequencies; however, the alien detects lower frequencies better than humans. 128. The tendency to perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern is known as ________. a. Proximity b. Continuity c. Contiguity d. common region 129. The Müller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are ________. a. more men than women b. more women than men c. lots of telephone poles d. buildings with lots of corners 130. Larry has been told by his doctor that he is experiencing ________ due to hair cells that were destroyed as a result of loud sounds. a. nerve hearing impairment b. Tinnitus c. conduction hearing impairment d. a speech segmentation problem 131. The depth cue in which faraway objects appear to be hazy and have a blurred outline is called ________. a. linear perspective b. Shadowing c. aerial (atmospheric) perspective d. motion parallax 132. Which of the following is true about cones? a. They are responsible for black and white vision. b. They are found mainly in the center of the eye. c. They operate mainly at night. d. They respond only to black and white. 133. Where are the taste receptors located? a. on the papillae b. on the taste buds c. on the microvilli d. in the gustatory bulb 134. It is difficult to distinguish between colors at night because ______. a. we are seeing primarily with the cones b. rods do not adapt to the dark c. we are seeing primarily with the rods d. we are used to seeing mostly with the fovea 135. In nerve hearing impairment, the problem lies in ________. a. either the inner ear or the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain b. the outer or middle ear c. the pontine nucleus d. the occipital lobe 136. Jamie walks from a bright room into a dark room. It will take about ________ minutes for her rods to fully adjust to the dark. a. 10 b. 30 c. 20 d. 40 137. Who actually found three types of cones in the retina? a. Young and Helmholtz b. Hering c. Wald and Brown d. Smith and Wesson 138. The bone that is attached to the eardrum is called the ________; the bone that is connected to the oval window is called the ________. a. anvil (incus); stirrup (stapes) b. hammer (malleus); anvil (incus) c. stirrup (stapes); hammer (malleus) d. hammer (malleus); stirrup (stapes) 139. Which part of the eye is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil? a. Iris b. Lens c. Retina d. Sclera 140. The average person's skin is about ________. a. 10 square feet in size b. 20 square feet in size c. 30 square feet in size d. 40 square feet in size 141. The average threshold for human vision is a candle flame seen from ________ on a dark, clear night. a. 1 mile b. 15 miles c. 7.5 miles d. 30 miles 142. Endorphins are the neural transmitters that ________. a. control your muscles b. generate pain sensations c. act as a natural version of morphine d. excite the ventral horn of the spinal cord 143. The skin senses are concerned with ________. a. touch, pressure, temperature, and pain b. the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other c. movement and body position d. your location as compared to the position of the sun 144. When you first put your hat on, you can feel it quite easily, but after a while, you forget that you are wearing a hat at all—the sensation is gone. What happens? a. sensory fatigue b. subliminal perception c. Habituation d. perceptual defense 145. We can see a candle flame at 30 miles on a clear, dark night, and we can hear the tick of a watch 20 feet away in a quiet room. These two facts are examples of ________. a. Jnds b. difference threshold c. Adaptation d. absolute thresholds 146. Which of the following is classified as a depressant? a. Cocaine b. Alcohol c. Heroin d. Marijuana 147. What two categories of dream content did Sigmund Freud describe? a. poetic and realistic b. literal and symbolic c. latent and manifest d. delusional and hallucinatory 148. REM behavior disorder most commonly occurs ________. a. in men over 60 b. in women under 60 c. in children d. among the poor 149. Sid is taking part in research on the effects of sleep deprivation; he has been without sleep for 75 hours. Right now researchers have asked him to sit in front of a computer screen and hit a button each time he sees the letter S on the screen. A few days ago, Sid was a whiz at this task; however, he is doing very poorly today. How are sleep researchers likely to explain Sid's poor performance? a. Due to the sleep deprivation, Sid does not understand the task. b. Microsleeps are occurring due to the sleep deprivation and he is asleep for brief periods of time. c. He is determined to ruin the research because of the suffering he is enduring at the hands of the researchers. d. He is probably dreaming that he is somewhere else and has no interest in responding to the "here and now." 150. A newspaper advertisement describes a book that offers interpretations of dreams. In attempting to tell readers the meaning of the symbols of their dreams, the author intends to describe the ________. a. deep content b. latent content c. manifest content d. subliminal content 151. The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to ________. a. the gender of the person doing the hypnotizing b. Education c. state of suggestibility d. time of day 152. Which of the following statements is true concerning cocaine use in the United States? a. During the Civil War, many Confederate soldiers bought cocaine from Union soldiers. b. At one time, cocaine was an ingredient in Coca-Cola. c. Cocaine was used by early Greek philosophers. d. One of the powerful addictive ingredients in cocaine is heroin. 153. You are listening to a person who keeps telling you to relax, attempting to create a situation in which you are likely to follow suggestions. What treatment are you undergoing? a. Psychotherapy b. Reprogramming c. Autosuggestion d. Hypnosis 154. The deepest stage of sleep is ________ sleep. a. N1 (R&K Stage 1) b. N2 (R&K Stage 2) c. N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4) d. REM 155. Melatonin is to ________ as an aspirin is to ________. a. nausea; a nightmare b. nightmare; blood clots c. insomnia; a headache d. sleep apnea; a blood thinner 156. Upon just waking up, you report a vivid visual event. What term do psychologists use for such phenomena? a. hypnotic illusion b. positive hallucination c. hypnagogic hallucination d. hypnopompic image 157. A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called ________. a. sleep apnea b. Insomnia c. Narcolepsy d. Cataplexy 158. LSD is similar to which of the following drugs? a. MDMA b. Methadone c. PCP d. CHT 159. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Night terrors are a rare disorder. b. Nightmares, but not night terrors, suggest some psychological problems. c. Night terrors, but not nightmares, suggest some psychological problems. d. Both nightmares and night terrors suggest psychological problems. 160. Sigmund Freud said that the key to analyzing a dream would be found in the manifest content. a. True b. False 161. Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of ________. a. Endorphins b. Alcohol c. Cigarettes d. LSD 162. REM behavior disorder results from ________. a. too much sleep b. not enough sleep c. failure of the brain mechanisms to block brain signals to the muscles d. deterioration of the medial hypothalamus 163. What used to be called "the gentle tyrant"? a. Drugs b. Dreams c. Sleep d. Meditation 164. If you have been waking up too early for several weeks, and you are not feeling rested upon waking, you may be suffering from ________. a. Insomnia b. Parasomnia c. Hypersomnia d. reverse insomnia 165. Consciousness is the key difference between humans and lower animals. a. True b. False 166. Mary is having insomnia. Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it? a. Take sleeping pills. b. Go to bed every night at different times to "shock your sleep system." c. Study in bed and then go immediately to sleep. d. Don't do anything but sleep in your bed. 167. Selma notices that as her supply of marijuana decreases, she starts thinking more and more about where she can get another supply as well as feeling nervous and anxious. This is an example of ________. a. Withdrawal b. Tolerance c. physiological dependence d. psychological dependence 168. The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________. a. hypnosis increases dopamine levels in the body b. people are merely playing a role c. hypnotized individuals dissociate the conscious mind into an "immediate" part and a "hidden observer" part d. hypnosis results in an altered state of consciousness that alters brain waves in regions of the brain 169. If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep, then you were most likely in which stage of sleep? a. N1 (R&K Stage 1) b. N2 (R&K Stage 2) c. N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4) d. slow wave sleep 170. The two most important symptoms of substance dependence are: a. tolerance and failing to attend important occasions due substance use. b. withdrawal and substance abuse. c. tolerance and withdrawal. d. intolerance of most anything and withdrawal. 171. Chemicals that can alter thinking, perception, and memory are called ________. a. legal drugs b. illegal drugs c. Hallucinogens d. psychoactive drugs 172. A person will often take a barbiturate as a ________. a. sleep aid b. vitamin supplement c. means of increasing behavioral arousal d. treatment for alcoholism 173. You find it hard to sleep due to your roommate's sleeping behavior. She snores quite a bit and at times it sounds as though she has great difficulty breathing. Your roommate may have ________. a. sleep apnea b. night terrors c. Nightmares d. Narcolepsy 174. Which of the following elements is NOT present during hypnotic induction? a. The person is told to hum quietly while being hypnotized. b. The person is told to relax and feel tired. c. The person is told to let go and accept suggestions. d. The person is told to focus on what is being said. 175. The idea of a "hidden observer" part of the mind was suggested by Ernest Hilgard. a. True b. False 176. You meet a psychologist who says she views hypnosis from the social-cognitive perspective. Which of the following is the best description of what her view of hypnosis would be? a. There is no hypnotized person role; hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. b. There is no hypnotized person role; hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness. c. People play the role of a hypnotized person; hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. d. People play the role of a hypnotized person; hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness. 177. What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts? a. Thinking b. Cognition c. Conscience d. Consciousness 178. According to Freud, the visible, or directly observable, content of a dream is its ________ content. a. Primary b. Manifest c. Secondary d. Latent 179. If Frank is using a drug that causes addiction in nearly 75% of those who use it, he is probably ingesting ________. a. MDMA b. Heroin c. Crack d. LSD 180. The activation-synthesis hypothesis resulted from using ________. a. EEGs on college students while they were sleeping b. drugs while sleeping c. a combination of laser technology and X-ray d. PET scans 181. Marijuana and alcohol both cause physical and psychological dependence. a. True b. False 182. Which of the following conditions would you least like the pilot flying your airplane to have? a. Enuresis b. Narcolepsy c. sleep terror d. daytime insomnia 183. A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ________ cycle. a. Infradian b. Circadian c. Diurnal d. Ultradian 184. Which of the following individuals is most likely to sleepwalk? a. a 10-year-old child b. a 24-year-old adult c. a 44-year-old adult d. a 74-year-old adult 185. Nicotine is a ________. a. Stimulant b. Depressant c. Narcotic d. psychogenic drug 186. People in N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4) sleep ________. a. dream all the time b. are hard to wake up c. are easy to wake up d. Hallucinate 187. Which statement is correct concerning how much sleep people need? a. Most older people need at least 10 hours. b. Men need more sleep than women. c. Most young adults need between 7 and 9 hours of sleep. d. Women need more sleep than men. 188. Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT ________. a. Narcolepsy b. REM rebound c. Insomnia d. night terrors 189. You are telling a joke to your friend who is laughing uproariously and then suddenly collapses to the floor. You are not surprised to later learn that he has a sleep disorder known as ________. a. Enuresis b. Narcolepsy c. sleep terror d. daytime insomnia 190. Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he used to get when he first started. Russell is experiencing flashbacks. a. True b. False 191. Louisa has just drifted off to sleep on the sofa, and is almost immediately awakened by her mother, who urges her to go to bed. Louisa insists that she was not sleeping, but is now terrified by the ghost that she is sure she has seen. Louisa is probably experiencing a(n): a. hypnogogic hallucination. b. hypnic jerk. c. hypnopompic illusion. d. nightmare. 192. Each of the following is true of sleepwalking EXCEPT ________. a. more boys than girls sleepwalk b. sleepwalking is more common among children than adults c. waking a sleepwalker is difficult d. waking a sleepwalker is always dangerous 193. Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located? a. Thalamus b. Cerebellum c. basal ganglia d. Hypothalamus 194. Heroin addiction has been treated with ________. a. Morphine b. LSD c. Methadone d. Amphetamines 195. Sleep research supports three of the following helpful hints. Which statement is NOT accurate? a. Don't try too hard to get to sleep. b. Don't do anything in your bed but sleep. c. Sleeping pills help cure insomnia. d. It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night. 196. The activation-information-mode model suggests ________. a. events that occur during waking hours may influence dreams b. nothing influences dreams c. the activation-synthesis hypothesis is all wrong d. dreams have more latent content than once thought 197. Which of the following statements might help you determine if an individual has narcolepsy? a. "I have difficulty getting to sleep." b. "I don't have an adverse reaction to sleeping pills." c. "I sometimes suddenly fall asleep in the middle of a conversation." d. "When I get up in the morning, I have the feeling that I had really bad nightmares." 198. Which of these individuals has the highest risk of sleep apnea? a. John, 62 years old, who is overweight b. Angela, 21 years old, who is depressed c. Alicia, 42 years old, who is suffering from anorexia d. Juan, 8 years old, who is experiencing episodes of enuresis 199. To treat your sleep problem, you are told that you should not nap, you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should get out of bed if you cannot sleep. What sleep disorder have you been experiencing? a. Enuresis b. Narcolepsy c. Insomnia d. REM sleep behavior disorder 200. Which statement is correct concerning marijuana? a. There is evidence that marijuana is physically addictive. b. There is evidence that marijuana is psychologically addictive. c. There is evidence that marijuana causes cancer. d. Marijuana usage can lead to psychological dependence. 201. Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing ________. a. drug tolerance b. drug detoxification c. Withdrawal d. Overdrawal 202. To treat your sleep problem, you are told that you should not nap, you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should get out of bed if you cannot sleep. You have insomnia. a. True b. False 203. When amphetamines are abused, the resulting effects may include ________. a. loss of appetite, nausea, high blood pressure, and vomiting b. increased appetite, sleepiness, and euphoria c. heart disease, high blood pressure, impaired circulation, and erectile problems in men d. restlessness, insomnia, muscle tension, heartbeat irregularities, and high blood pressure [Show More]

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