ANCC Certification PMHNP Chapter 7 Questions and Answers Rated A+

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ANCC Certification PMHNP Chapter 7 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Mood Disorders ✔✔Most common psych illnesses Primary characteristic is persistent disturbance in mood ✔✔Major Depressive Di ... sorder Often occurs without precipitating event ✔✔MDD Object loss theory ✔✔Fairbairn, Winnicott & guntrip Aggression turned inward theory of MDD ✔✔Freud Cognitive Theory ✔✔Beck Learned Helplessness-Hopelessness Theory ✔✔Seligman Genetic predisposition ✔✔Strong genetic load for depression for child of depressed parent -having 3 fold increase in lifetime risk of MDD & 40% chance of depressive episode before age 18. Endocrine dysfunction Theory ✔✔Probably related to etiology of MDD Sleep disturbances, appetite disturbances, libido disturbances, lethargy, anhedonia are neurovegitative symptoms that are related to functions of the ✔✔Hypothalamus and pituitary gland secretions Endocrine dysfunction and pregnancy ✔✔A high incidence of postpartum mood disturbances is suggested with this Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) ✔✔A theory of MDD, may be a result of an abnormal stress response related to dysregulation of this system HPA axis ✔✔Controls the physiological response to stress and is composed of interconnective feedback pathways between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland. Hypothalamus releases ✔✔corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) ✔✔Released by pituitary in response to CRH by hypothalamus Cortisol ✔✔Released by adrenal glands in response to ACTH by pituitary gland Hyperactivity of the HPA axis ✔✔Demonstrated to be present in individuals with MDD. May also have elevated cortisol levels Elevated cortisol levels ✔✔Over time damages the CNS by altering neurotransmission and electrical signal conduction. Cortisol over time can cause changes in size and function of brain tissue Dexamethasone suppression test (DST) ✔✔Not commonly used in clinical practice for screening of depression as it is too non specific. Hypovolemic hippocampus and hypovolemic prefrontal cortex-limbic striatal regions ✔✔Abnormalities demonstrated by neuroimaging in individuals with chronic and severe depression Brain damage, including that from stroke and trauma ✔✔Depression is a acommon comorbidity in individuals who have experienced these events What is the Chronobiological theory of MDD ✔✔Desynchronization of the circadian rhythms produces the symptom constellation collectively called MDD Circadian rhythms control these biological processes that are frequent problems with depressed individuals ✔✔Sleep-rest cycle disturbances * Increased cortisol secretions * REM abnormalities Increased emotional reactivity Frequent waking More intensified dreaming Diurnal variations to circadian-related behaviors Decreased arousal and energy levels Decreased activity patterns * Incidence of MDD ✔✔5% of U.S. population ages 18 and older each year. About 9.9 million Americans Most common psychiatric illness seen in primary care practices; only 50% of people receive treatment ✔✔MDD 25% women, 12% men ✔✔Risk during reproductive years Risk of MDD is ________ for both genders below puberty [Show More]

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