Nursing Entrance Exam – Kaplan questions and answers all correct

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Nursing Entrance Exam – Kaplan questions and answers all correct Inorganic compounds Correct Answer: chemicals without carbon, sodium chloride, nitrogen and phospoorus Organic compounds Corre... ct Answer: chemicals that contain carbon, that support life, includes proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids Carbohydrates Correct Answer: main class of biological molecules, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, including sugars and starches What do carbohydrates provide? Correct Answer: Short term energy for metabolism and glucose, structural support for cells and organisms, cellulose in cell wall of plants (most abundant molecule on earth) Lipids (fats and oils) Correct Answer: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, less oxygen than carbohydrates, store more energy than carbohydrates - long term energy. How do carbohydrates and lipids work together? Correct Answer: If you take in more carbohydrates than necessary, body stores them as fatty acids, they are re-synthesized as lipids called triglycerides and led to high cholesterol. Proteins Correct Answer: provide cells with the ability to carry out functions: chemical messangers, transport substances movement, immune defense, Enzymes Correct Answer: act as catalysts for all biochemical reactions, increase reaction rates by lowering activation energy Nucleic acids Correct Answer: building blocks of DNA and RNA Glycolysis Correct Answer: takes glucose, a sugar molecule with 6 carbon atoms and breaks it down to 2 pyruvate molecules, each with 3 carbon atoms to make NADH then make ATP through the electron transport chain. Edward has $400 more than Robert. After Edward spends $60 on groceries, he has 3 times more money than Robert. How much money does Robert have? Correct Answer: Edward has 400 more than Robert: x+400 Edward spends $60 on groceries: x+400-60 Edward has 3 times more than Robert:x+400-60=3x x+340=3x 340=2x 170=x Renee marks down all of her merchandise. She sells 33 winter coats at 30% off. How many winter coats were in stock before the sale? Correct Answer: 33 winter coats = 0.30x 33/0.30=110 winter coats Which of the following is found in all forms of life? I. Genetic material II. Protein III. Water Correct Answer: Genetic material, Protein, and Water Water diffuses into and out of cells via: Correct Answer: Osmosis In humans, normal sperm must contain: Correct Answer: 23 chromosomes Meosis differs from mitosis in that: Correct Answer: two cell divisions take place and haploid cells are produced from diploid cells All organisms utilize: CO2 A triplet genetic code to produce proteins Oxygen ADP as cellular energy Correct Answer: A triplet genetic code to produce proteins Sexually reproducing species can have a selective advantage over asexually reproducing species because sexual reproduction: Correct Answer: Allows for more genetic diversity The genes encoding for eukaryotic protein sequences are passed from one generation to the next via: Correct Answer: DNA In humans, the site of successful fertilization is most commonly the: Correct Answer: Fallopian tube Which of the following associations of brain structure and function is false? Hypothalamus: Appetite Cerebellum:Motor Coordination Cerebral cortex: Higher intellectual function Medulla: Basic emotional Drive Correct Answer: Medulla: Basic emotional drives (false) Which of the following is not a characteristic of fermentation: It is anaerobic It requires glucose It produces energy It requires oxygen Correct Answer: It requires oxygen Ribosomes function in clusters called: Correct Answer: Polysomes The best description of identical twins is that they are: Correct Answer: Twins from a single egg The absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere into the blood takes place in the: Correct Answer: Alveoli Which statement about the plasma membrane is false: It serves as a selectively permeable barrier to the external environment. It serves as a mediator between external and internal environments. In eukaryotes, it contains the cytochrome, chain of oxidative phosphorylation. It contains phospholipids as a structural component. Correct Answer: False: In eukaryotes, it contains cytochrome, chain of oxidative phosphorylation. (this is located in the mitochondria) A process that cannot take place in haploid cells is: Correct Answer: Meosis Which of the following is not an organelle? Nucleus Golgi apparatus Lysosome Chlorophyll Correct Answer: Chlorophyll Which of the following associations is correct: Correct Answer: Lysosome: Digestive enzymes for intracellular use. Which is NOT a characteristic of proteins: They contain genetic information They can act as hormones They can catalyze chemical reactions They act in cell membrane trafficking Correct Answer: They contain genetic information Which part of cellular respiration directly produces a pH gradient during the oxidative metabolism of glucose? Correct Answer: Electron transport chain The major portion of an atom's mass consists of: Correct Answer: Neutrons and protons Water at sea level boils at what temperature? Correct Answer: 373 K Which of the following subatomic particles has the largest mass: Correct Answer: Proton Which of the following is true about compounds? Correct Answer: Compounds are pure substances that are composed of two or more elements in a fixed proportion; Compounds can be broken down chemically to produce their constiuent elements or other compounds Which of the following compounds includes all others on the list: Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport Facilitated transport Correct Answer: Diffusion Which of the following is $53,298 rounded off to the nearest 100? Correct Answer: 53,300 Transcription Correct Answer: occurs when DNA is read to produce RNA Biochemical reactions that make ATP Correct Answer: Krebs Cycle, Glycolysis, Electron Transport What is NOT part of the central dogma? Correct Answer: structure of DNA discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crock and it became clear how DNA could play a role in genetic material The central dogma of molecular biology was first articulated by Francis Crick in Correct Answer: the process of producing proteins is irreversible: a protein cannot be used to create DNA. Dogma deals with transcription, translation, and DNA replication to produces new genomes Four nucleotides that make up DNA Correct Answer: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine mRNA Correct Answer: encodes gene messages to form proteins rRNA Correct Answer: part of the Ribosomes, involved in translation (protein synthesis) tRNA Correct Answer: transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome Eukaryotic cells Correct Answer: humans, trees, mushrooms, and all protists (amoebas or paramecia), Mitochondria Correct Answer: sites of aerobic respiration within the cell and important suppliers of energy (ATP) Powerhouse of the cell Cyokinesis Correct Answer: when the cytoplasm splits into two after the mitosis is completed The air passages involved in respiration consist of: Correct Answer: the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates: Correct Answer: smooth, skeletal and cardiac The law of segregation states: Correct Answer: if there are two alleles in an individual that determine a trait, these two alleles will separate during gamete formation and act independently Species Correct Answer: a group of organisms that is able to successfully interbreed with each other and not other organisms Cell membrane (plasma membrane) Correct Answer: encloses the cell, regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell. Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotes because they contain Correct Answer: organelles, membrane-bound structures that carry out specific functions for the cell. Organelles include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, lysosomes, vacoules, mitochondria, etc. Cytoplasm Correct Answer: liquid inside a cell that surrounds organelles, gives the eukaryotic cell shape Prokaryotes Correct Answer: unicellular organisms Cell wall Correct Answer: is the outside lining that holds cell together. Cell membrane Correct Answer: is covered by the cell wall. Cell membrane is a semi-permanent substance so substances can pass through it, also known as plasma membrane or plasma lemma. CHROMOSOME Correct Answer: DNA of organism, structure in a cell that contains DNA CYTOPLASM Correct Answer: Described as the cytosol, largely composed of water. FUNGI Correct Answer: Single celled nun-nucleated microorganisms GENE Correct Answer: segment of DNA that functions as a unit GENOMICS Correct Answer: Study of genes, diagnose disease before tissue damaged LIPID Correct Answer: Water insoluble compound MICROTUBLE Correct Answer: Protein structure that gives cell its shape MOLECULE Correct Answer: Two or more atoms combine NUCLEOTIDE Correct Answer: 3-carbon and sugar base PLASMID Correct Answer: Small circular independently replicating piece of DNA can transfer to another cell (in bacteria, it is extra) PRIMERS Correct Answer: starting point for DNA synthesis, short structures of nucleotides POLYMERASE CHAIN REATION (PCR) Correct Answer: Need DNA to be amplified (multiplied) PORES Correct Answer: the nuclear envelope has PORES on its surface to allow larges molecules such as mRNA to enter. Mitosis Correct Answer: N-N, 2N-2N, Eukaryotic Cells, Identical #, Haploid-Haploid, Diploid-Diploid, Can create replication errors, type of mutation and cancer results Meiosis Correct Answer: 2N-N, ½ # chromosomes, Only in testes/ovaries, Reproduce Sexually, Gametes Human male reproduce system produces sperm in the Correct Answer: testes Testes Correct Answer: Gonads located in an out pocketing of the abdominal wall called the scrotum Seminiferous tubules Correct Answer: sperm develop in those series of small, coiled tubes within the testes Leydig cells Correct Answer: make up the testosterone that supports male secondary sex characteristics Vas deferens Correct Answer: carry sperm to the urethra that passes through the penis Prostate gland and seminal vesicles Correct Answer: during ejaculation, add secretions to the sperm that carry and provide nutrients for the sperm as part of semen Function of the testes Correct Answer: produce sperm and male hormones (testosterone) Testosterone and other steroid hormones called androgens Correct Answer: responsible for secondary sexual characteristics of the male, such as facial and pubic hair, change in body shape, and deepening voice change Spermatogenesis Correct Answer: the meiotic development of sperm in males Spermatocytes Correct Answer: in testes, cells divide to create spermatocytes, which undergo meiosis (sexual div - identical # produced) to form 4 haploid spermatids. Spermatids Correct Answer: four haploid cells that are formed when a diploid reproductive cell divides meiotically Women are born with all the eggs they will have have while males Correct Answer: produce fresh sperm daily. (genetic anomalies are more common in eggs of older women). During development of female children, ova progress to the meiotic prophase I, in meiotic cell division and are stuck at this 1st stage. Correct Answer: Except for the ova that mature during each menstraul cycle, the ova remain arrested. Ovaries Correct Answer: paired structures in the lower portion of the abdominal cavity Follicle Correct Answer: a collection of cells around the ova that support its development and secret hormones Each ovary is accompanied by a Correct Answer: fallopian tube, also called an oviduct At birth, all the eggs a female will ovulate during her lifetime are already present in the ovaries, but Correct Answer: these eggs develop and ovulate at the rate of one every 28 days starting at puberty The ovaries produce sex hormones such as Correct Answer: estrogen Like male sex hormone, the female sex hormones (estrogen) regulate the secondary sexual characteristics of the female including: Correct Answer: development of mammary (milk) glands and wider hip bones (pelvis). They also play a role in development of [Show More]

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