PSYC-375 History of Psychology Midterm

PSYC-375 History of Psychology Midterm Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions? - ✔✔Non determinist and soft determinist _________________ emphasi ...

PSYC-375 History of Psychology Midterm Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions? - ✔✔Non determinist and soft determinist _________________ emphasizes the works of individuals who most prominently contributed to a topic such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Darwin of Freud in - ✔✔The Great-person approach. The approach which shows how various individuals or events contributed to change in an idea or concept throughout the years. - ✔✔Historical Development Popper believed that the problem with observations was that - ✔✔it is selective. Poppers believed that there was three stages of obervations - ✔✔view of the problem, theories (proposed solutions), and criticism Kuhn refers to Normal Science as - ✔✔Mopping-up operation of paradigm. Following a paradigm, scientists explore in depth problems defined by the paradigm and utilize the techniques suggested by the paradigm while exploring those problems. - ✔✔Normal Science The theory in which all scientific theory must be able to be proven false in order for it to be considered scientific - ✔✔Principle of Falsifiability ______________ explains the reason Popper though that empirical observation was too vague and unrefutability. - ✔✔Principle of Falsafibility The potential of theory being incorrect. Popper believes this is a must to be scientific - ✔✔Risky Prediction Popper believes that in order to of a theory to be scientific they must include - ✔✔Risky Predictions. The theory in which you make sense of a theory or explain a phenomenon after it has occurred - ✔✔Post-diction Popper thought that empirical observation gave the notion that - ✔✔Scientists just wonder around observing and explaining what they observe Popper __________ that scientific activity starts with empirical observation. - ✔✔Disagree Emphasizes the influence s of other factors such as political, technology, and economic conditions. - ✔✔Zeitgeist A combination of __________________ and _________________ is used to understand history. - ✔✔Presentism and Historicism The focus of looking at the past for it's own sake. - ✔✔Historicism The focus on looking at psychology today and attempting to show how it become that way. - ✔✔Presentism The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior. - ✔✔Soft Determinist For Aristotle, sensory experience - ✔✔was necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge According to Aristotle, we perceive environmental objects because: - ✔✔their movement influences a medium, which in turn stimulates one or more of the five senses Protagorus, the best known Sophist, presented the Sophist's position. Which of the following is not representative of the position? - ✔✔what is truth is not affected by the cultterm-5ure in which one lives Socrates used the method of ____ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty had in common. - ✔✔inductive definition The force that transforms matter into a particular form is its ____ cause. - ✔✔efficient ____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior. - ✔✔Irrationalism The study of knowledge is called: - ✔✔epistemology The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called: - ✔✔naive realism Philosophy began: - ✔✔when logos replaced mythos The allegory of the cave demonstrates: - ✔✔how difficult it is to deliver humans from ignorance Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by: - ✔✔philosopher-kings For Aristotle, sensory experience: - ✔✔is necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge According to St. Augustine, humans can have conceptions of the past and future because: - ✔✔of the remnants of sensory experiences What was a goal of St.Thomas Aquinas? - ✔✔To strengthen the position of the church through reason Copernicus argued that: - ✔✔the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory) According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary quality and secondary quality? - ✔✔primary quality: size; secondary quality: color According to Galileo, secondary qualities: - ✔✔cannot be measured objectively Galileo was among the first to suggest that: - ✔✔a science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible According to Bacon, science should utilize: - ✔✔only the direct observation of nature History has shown that Bacon's inductive approach to science was largely ignored. However, ____ and his followers adopted Bacon's philosophy of science. - ✔✔Skinner Concerning the mind-body relationship, Descartes proposed: - ✔✔interactionism Descartes believed that: - ✔✔the mind is nonmaterial Later in history, Bacon's approach to science was called: - ✔✔positivism The religion in which individuals are caught in an eternal struggle between wisdom and correctness as well as ignorance and evil is called: - ✔✔Zoroastrianism According to Philo, the way to true knowledge is by: - ✔✔a purified, passive mind receiving divine illumination For St. Augustine, the primary goal of human existence was to: - ✔✔enter into a personal, emotional union with God Which of the following occurred during the Dark Ages (c. 400-1000)? - ✔✔Arab philosophy, science, and theology flourished Aquinas' great achievement was the: - ✔✔reconciliation of faith and reason To remove inconsistencies in church dogma, Abelard used: - ✔✔the dialectic method All of the following were true of Averroes' philosophy except: - ✔✔it was basically Platonistic According to Lombard, all of the following was a way of knowing God except: - ✔✔avoiding sensory experience This person preferred naturalistic explanations to supernatural ones and earned the title "Destroyer of Religion." - ✔✔Epicurus All of the following individuals searched for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance except: - ✔✔Pythagoras b. Plato c. William of Occam Correct(p. 92) d. Aquinas Which of the following accepted a completely materialistic philosophy? - ✔✔. Zeno of Citium b. the Epicureans Incorrect(pp. 69-71) c. the Stoics d. all of these choices Feedback The correct answer is: all of these choices Which of the following did not characterize Renaissance humanism? - ✔✔a deep appreciation of Aristotelianism Who was the astronomer who suggested that the earth revolves around the sun 1,700 years before Copernicus? - ✔✔Aristarchus of Samos The only justification for accepting Copernicus' heliocentric theory was that it: - ✔✔explained known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order Which of the following was a negative aspect of Protestantism? - ✔✔It embraced the philosophies of Aristotle. b. It insisted on accepting the existence of God on faith alone; trying to understand God through reason was foolish. c. It accepted reason and the observation of nature as ways of knowing God. Incorrect(p. 103) d. As a religion, it was very forgiving of its followers' sins. Feedback The correct answer is: It insisted on accepting the existence of God on faith alone; trying to understand God through reason was foolish. Galileo used experiments to do all of the following except: - ✔✔show that essences are important for explanations According to Bacon, the human tendenc