NURS 5366 / NURS5366 Module 3 QUIZ

Question 1 5 / 5 pts A researcher is studying the effect of hypnosis on pain experienced during dental procedures. The researcher’s study has two groups: those who receive hypnosis during the procedure and those who re ...

Question 1 5 / 5 pts A researcher is studying the effect of hypnosis on pain experienced during dental procedures. The researcher’s study has two groups: those who receive hypnosis during the procedure and those who receive no hypnosis. If the researcher plans to use a t-test for the statistical analysis, which would be the best way to measure pain for this study? pain scale where the participants report their pain as: none, some, intense numerical pain scale with a range from 0 to 100 patient report of presence or absence of pain p. 411 Question 2 5 / 5 pts A researcher performs a series of pilot studies to evaluate whether a measurement tool produces consistent results. This is an evaluation of: Readability Validity Reliability Accuracy page 370 Question 3 5 / 5 pts A researcher develops a 7-point Likert scale to evaluate feelings of well-being in patients who are undergoing chemotherapy. The researcher administers this measure to other, similar patients in several medical centers. This is done in order to: improve the test-retest reliability strengthen the operational definition of the constructs increase interrater reliability Decrease mono-operation bias page 370 Question 4 5 / 5 pts In a pilot study to help train a group of data collectors who will evaluate children’s pain using a FACES rating scale, the researcher examines the reliability of the scores of each data collector. This is an example of which type of reliability measure? Interrater reliability Internal consistency reliability Test-retest reliability alternate forms reliability page 372 Question 5 5 / 5 pts A researcher evaluates scores of a paper and pencil instrument with variables at the interval level of data using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient statistical procedure. This is a test of: interrater reliability test-retest reliability internal consistency reliability alternate forms reliability page 373 Question 6 5 / 5 pts A researcher administers a scale measuring self-confidence and one measuring self-doubt to a group of subjects and performs a correlational analysis of the results. This is a test of validity from: equivalence divergent validity contrasting groups convergence page 382 Question 7 5 / 5 pts A researcher develops a new instrument to measure coping skills and conducts a pilot study to compare the new tool with an existing tool that measures this concept. This is an example of evidence of validity from: Divergent vality Readability Contrasting groups Convergent validity page 382 Question 8 5 / 5 pts A researcher evaluates whether a tool addresses the major elements of the construct being studied. This helps to ensure: internal consistency content validity readability level equivalence page 376 Question 9 5 / 5 pts A researcher studying depression in relation to five predictor variables decides to include five more variables in the study because the literature reveals that they may also be involved in depression. Consequently, the researcher will do which of the following? Set beta at a lower level. Use a larger sample size. Change the design of the research from correlational to descriptive. Perform additional reliability and validity tests. As the number of variables under study grows, the needed sample size increases. Adding variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, and education to the analysis plan can increase the sample size by a factor of 5 to 10 if the selected variables are uncorrelated with the dependent variable. Setting beta lower, performing additional reliability and validity tests, and changing the design from correlational to descriptive will not solve the problem of the altered power of the study, due to addition of five variables. Only increasing the sample size will be a practical solution. p. 350 Question 10 5 / 5 pts “To be considered eligible for the study, subjects had to be older than 21 years of age, hold a valid state driver’s license, and be able to fire a shotgun.” This is an example of which of the following? Representativeness Sampling criteria Exclusion plan Population element Sampling criteria, also referred to as eligibility criteria or inclusion criteria, include a list of characteristics essential for membership or eligibility in the target population. The criteria are developed from the research problem, the purpose, a review of literature, the conceptual and operational definitions of the study variables, and the design. The sampling criteria determine the target population, and the sample is selected from the accessible population within the target population p 330 Question 11 5 / 5 pts A researcher consented 75 subjects, but 15 dropped out of the study while it was still in progress. What was the sample attrition rate? 15% 15 20% 75% Sample attrition rate formula = number subjects withdrawing ÷ sample size ´ 100%.For example, if a study had a sample size of 160 and 40 people withdrew from the study, the attrition rate would be 25%. p. 335 Question 12 5 / 5 pts A researcher attempted to recruit all 150 of the patients seen in the emergency department in a three-month period for diverticulitis, but only 120 consented to participate. What is the sample size? 80% 150 120 30 A refusal rate is the number and percentage of subjects who declined to participate in the study. Patients who refuse to participate are not part of the sample, since they were only potential subjects, not actually included in the sample. The refusal rate is calculated by dividing the number of potential subjects refusing to participate by the number of potential subjects meeting sampling criteria and multiplying the results by 100%. p.334 Question 13 5 / 5 pts Using a table of random numbers, the sample of 400 subjects was selected from the list of the license numbers of all registered nurses in the state of Michigan. Each nurse was sent a letter requesting completion of an online survey on workplace bullying. This is an example of what type of sampling method? Convenience sampling Simple random sampling Purposive sampling Quota sampling To achieve simple random sampling, elements are selected at random from the sampling frame. This goal can be accomplished in a variety of ways, limited only by the imagination of the researcher. A random number table is effective in selecting numbered elements from a master list. Simple random sampling ensures that each element of the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen. p. 338 Question 14 5 / 5 pts Why are convenience samples used so frequently in nursing research, when a random sample would allow for greater generalizability? There is less opportunity for systematic bias. Nurses are limited to the populations they serve; many populations are small and difficult to access. Ordered lists of of all member of a patient populations are often available. Cluster sampling is is inexpensive and time consuming. p. 343 Question 15 5 / 5 pts Which of the following is NOT a physiological measures? Score on the Mini Mental Status Exam Use of a tuning fork to measure bone conduction hearing loss Serum sodium A subject’s report of episodes of tachycardia per day Physiological measures include two categories, biophysical and biochemical measures. For example, biophysical measures might include the use of the stethoscope and sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure and a biochemical measure might include the laboratory value for total cholesterol. Self-report has been used effectively to obtain physiological information and may be particularly useful when the subjects are not in closely monitored settings such as hospitals, clinics, or research facilities. For some variables, self-report may be the only means of obtaining the information. Such may be the case when study participants experience a physiological phenomenon that cannot be observed or measured by others. p. 394 Question 16 5 / 5 pts An outpatient being treated in the infusion center for thalassemia is asked to fill out a form about satisfaction with the center, while he waits for his appointment. The form consists of five questions, each a statement, with six possibilities after it: Strongly Agree, Agree, Slightly Agree, Slightly Disagree, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree. This is an example of which of the following? A questionnaire A paper interview A semantic differential scale A Likert scale A Likert scale determines the opinion or attitude of a subject and contains a number of declarative statements with a scale after each statement. The Likert scale is the most commonly used of the scaling techniques in nursing and health care studies. Response choices in a Likert scale most commonly address agreement, evaluation, or frequency. Agreement options may include statements such as strongly agree, agree, uncertain, disagree, and strongly disagree. p. 411 Question 17 5 / 5 pts Which of the following constructs would be appropriate to measure with a visual analogue scale? Visual acuity blood pressure Dichotomous variables Anxiety p.414 Question 18 5 / 5 pts What is the purpose of completing a pilot study? It gives the researcher preliminary data to present to the institutional review board in order to obtain permission to conduct research. It helps identify problems the researcher might encounter while collecting data. It justifies the existence of a research gap. It provides nominal and ordinal data with which the researcher can construct better instruments. p. 508 Question 19 5 / 5 pts To improve consistency in data collection the researcher should: request that subjects record their blood pressure at the same time each day. ensure that the same member of the research team distributes blood pressure logs to subjects. recruit subjects who are of the same gender and age group. p.508 Question 20 5 / 5 pts The quantitative researcher collects many pieces of quantitative data as words, not numbers. Prior to statistical analysis, all of the data pieces must be coded. What does this mean? The data regarding protected data are transformed to code names; a list is made and kept in a secure location. The data are typed into a computer, and the computer is instructed to transform the words into binary values, using only 0 and 1, by adding up the numbers of each letter in the alphabet. The data are transformed into numerals corresponding to words, such as 0—no college degree, 1—bachelor’s degree, 2—master’s degree, 3—PhD or EdD. The essence of each word is noted; later, these essences emerge as themes. Coding is the process of transforming language data into numerical symbols that can be entered easily into the computer. For example, variables such as race, gender, ethnicity, and diagnoses can be categorized and given numerical labels. For gender, the male category could be identified by a “1” and the female category by a “2.” The coding categories developed for the research must be both mutually exclusive and mutually exhaustive so, with respect to the latter, inclusion of “3”—decline to state and “4”—none of the above might be useful. p.502 Quiz Score: 100 out of 100