AP Psychology Exam Review Study Guide Terms. Graded A. 2022. 100% mastery.

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AP Psychology Exam Review Study Guide Terms. Graded A. 2022 Psychology - ✔✔The science of behavior and mental processes Positive Psychology - ✔✔A field of research that focuses on pe ... ople's positive experiences and characteristics, such as happiness, optimism, and resilience. Biological Psychologists - ✔✔Psychologists who analyze the biological factors influencing behavior and mental processes. Developmental Psychologists - ✔✔Psychologists who seek to understand, describe, and explore how behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime. Cognitive Psychologists - ✔✔Psychologists who study the mental processes underlying judgment, decision making, problem solving, imagining, and other aspects of human thought or cognition. Also called experimental psychologists. Clinical And Counseling Psychologists - ✔✔Psychologists who seek to assess, understand, and change abnormal behavior. Educational Psychologists - ✔✔Psychologists who study methods by which instructors teach and students learn and who apply their results to improving those methods School Psychologists - ✔✔Psychologists who test IQ's, diagnose students' academic problems, and set up programs to improve students' achievement Forensic Psychologists - ✔✔Psychologists who assist in jury selection, evaluate defendants mental competence to stand trial, and deal with other issues involving psychology and the law. Psychodynamic Approach - ✔✔A view developed by Freud that emphasizes the interplay of unconscious mental processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behavior. Behavioral Approach - ✔✔An approach to psychology emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishments. Critical Thinking - ✔✔The process of assessing claims and making judgments on the basis of well-supported evidence. Hypothesis - ✔✔In scientific research, a prediction stated as a specific, testable proposition about a phenomenon. Variable - ✔✔A factor or characteristic that is manipulated or measured in research Theory - ✔✔An integrated set of propositions that can be used to account for, predict, and even suggest ways of controlling certain phenomena Naturalistic Observation - ✔✔The process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment. Case Study - ✔✔A research method involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a particular individual, group, or situation. Survey - ✔✔A research method that involves giving people questionnaires or special interviews designed to obtain descriptions of their attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and intentions. Control Group - ✔✔In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment or provides some other baseline against which to compare the performance or response of the experimental group. Independent Variable - ✔✔The variable manipulated by the researcher in an experiment. Dependent Variable - ✔✔In an experiment, the factor affected by the independent variable. Placebo - ✔✔A physical or psychological treatment that contains no active ingredient but produces an effect because the person receiving it believes it will. Experimenter Bias - ✔✔A confounding variable that occurs when an experimenter unintentionally encourages participants to respond in a way that supports the hypothesis. Double-Blind Design - ✔✔A research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group. Sampling - ✔✔The process of selecting participants who are members of the population that the researcher wishes to study. Correlation Coefficient - ✔✔A statistic, r, that summarizes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. Statistically Significant - ✔✔Referring to a correlation, or a difference between two groups, that is larger than would be expected by chance. Nervous System - ✔✔A complex combination of cells whose primary function is to allow an organism to gain information about what is going on inside and outside the body and to respond appropriately. Neuron - ✔✔Fundamental unit of the nervous system; nerve cell. Glial Cells - ✔✔Cells in the nervous system that hold neurons together and help them communicate with one another. Axon - ✔✔A fiber that carries signals from the body of a neuron out to where communication occurs with other neurons. Dendrite - ✔✔A neuron fiber that receives signals from the axons of other neurons and carries those signals to the cell body. Synapse - ✔✔The tiny gap between neurons across which they communicate Myelin - ✔✔A fatty substance that wraps around some axons and increases the speed of action potentials. Neurotransmitters - ✔✔Chemicals that assist in the transfer of signals from one neuron to another. Central Nervous System - ✔✔The parts of the nervous system encased in bone, including the brain and the spinal cord. Autonomic Nervous System - ✔✔A subsystem of the peripheral nervous system that carries messages between the central nervous system and the heart, lungs, and other organs and glands. Cerebellum - ✔✔The part of the hindbrain whose main functions include controlling finely coordinated movements and storing memories about movement, but which may also be involved in impulse control, emotion, and language. Thalamus - ✔✔A forebrain structure that relays signals from most sense organs to higher levels in the brain and plays an important role in processing and making sense out of this information. Hippocampus - ✔✔A structure in the forebrain associated with the formation of new memories. Cerebral Cortex - ✔✔The outer surface of the brain Corpus Callosum - ✔✔A massive bundle of fibers that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres and allows them to communicate with each other. Dopamine - ✔✔A neurotransmitter used in the parts of the brain involved in regulating movement and experiencing pleasure. Serotonin - ✔✔A neurotransmitter used by cells in parts of the brain involved in the regulation of sleep, mood, and eating. Sensations - ✔✔Messages from the senses that make up the raw information that affects many kinds of behavior and mental processes. Amplitude - ✔✔The difference between the peak and the baseline of a waveform. Wavelength - ✔✔The distance from one peak to the next in a waveform Frequency - ✔✔The number of complete waveforms, or cycles, that pass by a given point in space every second. Cornea - ✔✔The curved, transparent, protective layer through which light rays enter the eye. Pupil - ✔✔An opening in the eye, just behind the cornea, through which light passes. Iris - ✔✔The colorful part of the eye, which constricts or relaxes to adjust the amount of light entering the eye. Retina - ✔✔The surface at the back of the eye onto which the lens focuses light rays. [Show More]

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