PHARM STUDY GUIDE
TERMS-
Half-life- Time required for ½ drug to be eliminated by the body, or time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced to 50% (elimination half-life) takes about 5 half lifes to get
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PHARM STUDY GUIDE
TERMS-
Half-life- Time required for ½ drug to be eliminated by the body, or time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced to 50% (elimination half-life) takes about 5 half lifes to get out of system.
First pass effect- The initial metabolism in liver of a drug absorbed form the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the blood stream. Has to be absorbed through intestines and metabolized through liver. Given in active form.
Tolerance- Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use. Decrease response to repeated drug doses.
Inotropic effect- Drugs that affect myocardial contractility (-) inotropic drugs contractility (+) inotropic drugs contractility. Influence the force of muscular contractions.
Dromotropic Effect- Drugs that effect the conduction of electrical pulses with in tissues of the heart. (-) dromotropic drugs conduction (+) dromotropic drugs conduction.
Chronotropic effect- Drugs that influence the rate of the heartbeat. (-) Chronotropic drugs HR (+) Chronotropic drugs HR.
Adjuvant therapy- A non-specific immunostimulant that enhances overall immune function, rather than stimulating the function of a specific immune system cell. Chapter 2 page 761 has examples of these meds. Indications T-cell lymphoma, bladder cancer, psoriatic arthritis, colon cancer, MS, Severe combined immunodeficiency disease, erythremia nodosum, acute promyelocytic leukemia.
A1C- hemoglobin molecules bound to glucose molecules; blood levels of hemoglobin A1C are used as a diagnostic measure of average daily blood glucose levels in the monitoring & diagnosing of diabetes; it is also called glycosylated hemoglobin and most commonly referred to A1C. Goal is <7% A1C is an indicator of glycemic control in a patient over a the preceding 2-3 months ( the average life span of a red blood cell). Fasting blood glucose goal level for diabetic patients is 80-130.
9 rights to administration:
1. Right drug
2. Right dose
3. Right time
4 & 5. Right route and form
6. Right patient
7. Right documentation
8. Right reason
9. Right of the patient to refuse
Prescriber information:
1.Patient’s name
2.Date order was written
3.Drug name
4.Drug dose amount
5.Dose frequency
6.Route of administration
7.Prescriber’s signature
Nursing process of medication administration-
1. Assessment: Lab results/diagnostic tests, past and present medical history, med list : Rx, OTC, herbs, vitamins. Objective/ subjective findings, Alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, Groups at high risk for adverse reactions- Peds, older adults, chronic illness, auto immune disease patients.
- Nursing diagnosis
2. Planning- Objective, SMART goals, reflect expected/ measurable changes in behavior.
3. Implementation: Education with patient as well as family members.
4. Monitor therapeutic response, adverse effects, toxic effects.
5. Patient-centered teaching-Provide verbal and written info, Advantages and disadvantages, instructions on reading labels.
Different routes of medication administration (advantages/disadvantages) CHART ON page 23 CHAPTER 2 in pharm book.
1. Enteral- PO, sublingual, buccal (between cheek & gum), rectal- will have first pass effect. Pro drugs are given in inactive form. Safe, inexpensive, easy & convenient. Sublingual and buccal absorbed more rapidly, Avoids break down of drug by stomach acid, avoid first pass metabolism because gastric absorption is bypassed.
2. Parenteral- IV, IM, SQ, Intradermal, intraarterial, intrathecal (within a sheath ex. Theca of the Spinal cord), intraarticular (in joint). Costly, can cause nerve damage.
3. Topical- skin, eyes, ears, lungs, nose, rectal, vaginal.
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