Echo Final Exam 2022 Questions and Answers with complete solution

Echo Final Exam 2022 Questions and Answers with complete solution What is the most anterior chamber of the heart? -Answer- The right ventricle What is the pericardium? -Answer- The pericardium is a fibroserosal sac ...

Echo Final Exam 2022 Questions and Answers with complete solution What is the most anterior chamber of the heart? -Answer- The right ventricle What is the pericardium? -Answer- The pericardium is a fibroserosal sac that surrounds most of the heart and roots of the great vessels. Name the two main layers of the pericardium. -Answer- 1) The fibrous layer of the pericardium which is the outermost layer. 2) The serous pericardium which is the inner layer of the pericardium. The serous layer can be broken up into two layers. 1. The parietal layer of the serous pericardium. 2. The visceral layer of the serous pericardium, which is also known as the epicardium. Where is the serous fluid located within the pericardial sac? -Answer- The serous fluid is located between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium. Which chambers of the heart form its base? -Answer- The right and left atrium form the base of the heart. What are the three layers of the walls of the heart? -Answer- 1) Endocardium - The endocardium is the intimal or epithelial layer. It is continuous with the intimate of the vessels it connects to. The endocardium also forms the valves. 2) Myocardium - The myocardium is the muscle layer. The cardiac muscle is very specialized and found only in the heart. 3) Epicardium - The epicardium is also known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium. It is composed of a single layer of mesothelial cells. Deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava empties into the? -Answer- Right atrium. The right atrium forms the right border of the heart. The superior vena cava enters at the upper posterior border while the inferior vena cava enters into the lower posterior lateral border. Name the muscles that ridge the right atrium, anterior, and lateral walls of the heart. -Answer- The pectinate muscles ridge the right atrium, anterior, and lateral walls of the heart. The most prominent pectinate muscles are located in the superior portion of the right atrium. Name the two atrioventricular valves. -Answer- Mitral valve and tricuspid valve. The mitral and tricuspid valves allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles. Name the two semilunar valves. -Answer- Aortic and pulmonic valves. Blood flows from the left ventricle through the aortic valve, and from the right ventricle through the pulmonic valve. Where do the coronary arteries originate from? -Answer- The right and left coronary cusps of the aortic valve, respectively. The coronary cusps are located in the Sinuses of Valsalva in the proximal region of the ascending aorta. The bulging areas in the proximal ascending aorta (aortic root), just distal to the aortic valve are known as the? -Answer- Sinuses of Valsalva What is the fold of tissue that guards the inferior vena cava? -Answer- The eustachian valve. In adults, the eustachian valve serves as a non-functioning valve of the inferior vena cava. What is the name of the portion of the right ventricle which contains the RVOT and the origin of the pulmonary trunk? -Answer- Infindibulum Which supporting structure attaches the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles? -Answer- The chordae tendinae The absence of the pulmonary veins entering the left atrium is known as? -Answer- TAPVR or total anomalous pulmonary venous return. The characteristic findings for this anomaly is the convergence of all the pulmonary veins to form a venous sinus superior to the left atrium. Other findings include enlargement of the right and left ventricles, right ventricular hypertrophy, and a patent foramen oval or atrial septal defect. 17 -Answer- Interventricular septum The muscle bundles that line the walls of the right and left ventricles are the? -Answer- Trabeculae carnae What is the name of the small, fibrous, nodule located at the center of each of the aortic valves cusps? -Answer- Arantius nodule The arantius nodules aid in the support of the cusps. What is Chiari's network? -Answer- A Chiari network is a congenital anomaly that exists due to a remnant of the right sinus venous valve that did not get absorbed properly after birth. A Chiari network may be visualized in several locations in the right atrium as a highly mobile, echogenic structure. What is the potential important of the conus artery? -Answer- The conus artery may act as an alternate route of collateral arterial circulation. 22 -Answer- 1. Anteroseptum 2. Inferoseptum 3. Inferior 4. Inferolateral 5. Anterolateral 6. Anterior The right anterior oblique view that is obtained during a heart catheterization is similar to what view on the echocardiogram? -Answer- Apical two chamber view. The naturally occurring shunt between the aorta and the pulmonary artery in fetal circulation is referred to as? -Answer- Ductus arteriosus What are the names of the pulmonic valve cusps? -Answer- 1. Anterior cusp 2. Right cusp 3. Left cusp What are the names of the tricuspid valve leaflets? -Answer- 1. Anterior tricuspid valve leaflet 2. Septal tricuspid valve leaflet 3. Posterior tricuspid valve leaflet