WGU C224 Research Foundations Questions and Answers Already Passed

WGU C224 Research Foundations Questions and Answers Already Passed Deductive Reasoning ✔✔Drawing conclusions. Logical deductive process working down - going from big to small. ex. All books sold at that store are new, ...

WGU C224 Research Foundations Questions and Answers Already Passed Deductive Reasoning ✔✔Drawing conclusions. Logical deductive process working down - going from big to small. ex. All books sold at that store are new, and all the books I bought came from that store. Therefore, all the books I own are new. Inductive Reasoning ✔✔Starts specific. Accepting conclusions. Going from small to big. Ex. The water at the beach has been about 75 degrees anytime I visit in July. Today is July 15th, so I expect the water will be about 75 degrees when I go to the beach tomorrow. Epistemology ✔✔the overall pursuit of knowledge, not a specific knowledge contention. The study of knowledge itself. Rule of Parsimony ✔✔Simple and concise, succint Criterion of Falsifiability ✔✔if it can't be rejected, then its going in the right direction The Principle of Evidence ✔✔researchers conduct research to acquire evidence that may support a theory and/or hypothesis. Researchers do not attempt to prove what is true. Ontology ✔✔Inherent understanding. Nature of reality/truth Experimental Research ✔✔Quantitative. Random assignment - not random selection. Quantitation Research Methods ✔✔Experimental and Non-Experimental Non-Experimental Research Methods ✔✔Correlation and Casual ComparativeCorrelation research method ✔✔Quantitative. A process to collect data to determine if a relationship exists between two or more quantitative variables, and to what degree. Correlation Coefficient ✔✔Strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. range of +1 to -1 Positive Correlation ✔✔r=+1 (points follow along a line) Negative Correlation ✔✔r=-1 (no correlation is a 0 and looks like a gun shot all over) Variables ✔✔a condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories (such as age, GPA, gender, etc.) Quantitative Variable ✔✔a variable that varies in degree or amount of a phenomenon (ex. Temperature, weight, GPA, reading performance, etc.) Categorical Variables ✔✔a variable that is made up of different types of categories of a phenomenon (gender, ethnicity, type of school, teaching method, religion, social class) Descriptive Statistics ✔✔Goal is to describe, summarize, or make sense of a particular set of data. Inferential Statistics ✔✔where researchers use the laws of probability to make inferences about populations based on sample data. In the branch of inferential statistics known as estimation, researchers want to estimate the characteristics of populations based on their sample data. To make valid statistical estimations about populations, they use random samples (i.e., "probability" samples). In the branch of inferential statistics known as hypothesis testing, researchers test specific hypotheses about populations based on their sample data. Help researchers to know whether they can generalize to a population of individuals based on information obtained from a limited number of research participants.Strengths of Quantitative Research ✔✔Testing and validating already constructed theories Can generalize research findings when based on random samples Determining nomothetic consumption (general scientific casual relationships) Quick and cheap Qualitative Research ✔✔Bottom-up philosophy Qualitative Research purpose ✔✔Collects text or imagery data to gain a deeper understanding of existing phenomena, gain insight on insider perspective. Exploration, discovery, understanding Quantitative Research Purpose ✔✔Collect numerical data. Purpose is to describe, predict, control, or explain. Narrow lens approach (top-down) Linguistic-relativity hypothesis ✔✔(assumptions of qualitative research) Intuits' local languages might allow them to see distinctions that you do not notice. Empathetic Understanding ✔✔(assumptions of qualitative research) I can appreciate where you're coming from. I have an interest in you Ontology (Qualitative Assumption) ✔✔(inherit understanding) Take on personal, mental, subjective, personal, constructed Epistemology (Qualitative Assumption) ✔✔(theory of knowledge) Everything is relative, varying standards, individual/group justification, social construction. Overall understanding of how knowledge is created. Criterion Based aka Purposive Sampling ✔✔selecting participants because they meet the criteria or purpose of the study.Phenomenology ✔✔Rich narrative allowing researcher to vicariously experience the phenomenon through the eyes of the participant. Purpose: Describing the individuals experience of the phenomena. Ethnography ✔✔Extensive physical description of the physical and social settings aimed at holistic understanding. Purpose: Describing cultural characteristics of a group of people Narrative Inquiry ✔✔Narrative account including patterns, connections, and insights uncovered and carefully synthesized. Purpose: Describing people's lives/stories to add to our understanding. Chronological story Case Study ✔✔Rich, holistic narrative which triangulates data and places the case into a meaningful context Purpose: Addressing research questions through in-depth analysis. Environment based on a set of circumstances. Grounded Theory ✔✔Contains methodological description, then proposes and discusses the grounded theory built during the research study. Purpose: Inductively generating a theory describing a phenomenon. Does this dynamic of people in this environment hold true to a theory that's related to it? Not manipulating data. Triangulation ✔✔Observations --> Interviews --> Questionnaires. Is everybody in sync with one another? It validates the story Major characteristics of qualitative research analysis ✔✔Unique Case Orientation, Inductive Analysis & Creative Synthesis, Holistic Perspective, Context Sensitivity, Voice Perspective & ReflectivityVoice, Perspective & Reflectivity ✔✔The qualitative analyst owns and is reflective about his or her own voice and perspective; a credible voice conveys authenticity and trustworthiness Context Sensitivity ✔✔Be sensitive to the environment around you. Research places findings in a context that is: social, historical, and temporal. Holistic Perspective ✔✔The whole phenomenon under study is understood as a complex system that is more than the sum of its parts. Inductive Analysis & Creative Synthesis ✔✔taking all the specific info and creating the big story. Looking for patterns, themes, and interrelationships to get the big picture Unique Case Orientation ✔✔Researcher assumes that each case is special and unique. The first level of analysis is being true to, respecting, and capturing the details of the individual cases being studies Qualitative Research Strengths ✔✔Responsive to local situations, conditions, stakeholders, needs and changes that occur during conduct study Is useful for determining idiographic causation Is useful for studying a limited number of cases in depth and describing complex phenomena Researcher can inductively generate a tentative but explanatory theory about a phenomenon Can conduct cross-case comparisons Mixed Method Research ✔✔Confirmatory and exploratory according to given situation. Purpose: combining quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis elements in a research study. Description, understanding, explanation, prediction, influence, and integration