PSY 3300-Exam 1, Questions with accurate answers, latest update, rated A

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PSY 3300-Exam 1, Questions with accurate answers, latest update, rated A Define and give characteristics of developmental science - ✔✔the scientific investigation of change and stability thro... ughout the lifespan 1. scientific: use the SM to answer questions about development 2. interdisciplinary: uses knowledge from many fields of study 3. applied: practical applications to improvement peoples lives Assumptions of lifespan development - ✔✔-lifelong -multidimensional multidirectional -plastic -influenced by multiple interacting forces age graded, history, non normative theory - ✔✔A broad explanation of natural events that is supported by strong evidence. hypothesis - ✔✔A testable prediction, often implied by a theory 3 differences between developmental theories - ✔✔1. cont. v discon 2. does everyone follow the same dev.path or multiple paths 3. nature v nuture What is normative approach ? - ✔✔large number of participants are tested to understand typical development Psychoanalytic -Psychosexual -Psychosocial - ✔✔Psychosexual- balance of sexual and aggressive drives during various stages Psychosocial- acquiring skills/ attitudes necessary for contributing to society -Discontinuous dev. -takes place in stages -one course : stages are assumed to be universal -both nature and nurture Behaviorism -Classic -Social Learning - ✔✔Classic: stimuli and responses Social learning : social observation -Continuous- dev. involves and increase in learned behaviors -many possible courses: behaviors reinforced and modeled may vary from person to person - nurture(conditioning and modeling) Piaget's Cognitive Development - ✔✔People develop as a result of constructing knowledge as they actively explore and manipulate the world—children are "little scientists" -Discontinuous -One course - both nature and nurture Vygostsky's Sociocultural - ✔✔Why/how do we develop? People develop as a result of social interaction—especially with more knowledgeable people -Both cont. and dis. -many possible courses -both nature and nurture Ecological Systems - ✔✔Why/how do we develop? People develop as a result of complex interplay between a variety of embedded systems -many courses -both nature and nurture Information Processing - ✔✔Why/how do we develop? People develop as a result of improvements in how the human mind manipulates information, such as increases in memory or attention -continuous -one course -both nature and narture Ethology and Evolutionary Psych - ✔✔Why/how do we develop? People develop as a result of what was evolutionarily adaptive—our development is shaped by behaviors that had an evolutionary advantage -cont and dis one course -both nature and nurture Developmental Neuroscience - ✔✔Why/how do we develop? People develop as a result of changes in the brain Observational Method - ✔✔-Naturalistic observation ¤Watching people behave in their usual environments -Structured observation ¤Present identical situations and record their behavior , Excellent for rarely occurring behaviors Strengths: reflects participants everyday lives, grants each participant an = opportunity to display the behavior of interest Weaknesses: cant control conditions, lab conditions not reflect everyday conditions Self Report Method - ✔✔-Structured Interview- each person asked same questions -Clinical Interview Flexible interview procedure where questions are adjusted based on responses Strengths: clinical- comes as close to how people think, can acquire a lot of info in short time. structured- comparisons Weaknesses: clinical- may not be accurate reporting, may not be as specific Case Study method - ✔✔Detailed understanding of a particular person great detail of info but can be biased by researcher Ethnography Method - ✔✔Researchers immerse themselves in a culture to better understand cultural practices and beliefs can be biased Neuroimaging Measures Method - ✔✔Study the brain bases of behavior ¤Brain activity nERPs - electrical activity of the brain nfMRI - flow of oxygenated blood ¤Brain structure nMRI Event-related potentials (ERPs) ¤ Electrical activity of neurons associated with a stimulus ¨ High temporal resolution (i.e., can tell you when processes are occurring) High spatial resolution (i.e., can tell you where processes are occurring in the brain) MRI: brain anatomy fMRI: brain function Correlational Designs - ✔✔Researchers gather information on individuals without altering their experiences. Look at relations between participant characteristics and behavior. -Direction-of-causation problem ¤It is not possible to tell from a correlation which variable is the cause and which is the effect. ¨ Third-variable problem ¤A correlation between two variables may arise from both being influenced by some third variable. Experimental Designs - ✔✔Does allow you to make causal arguments n You hold everything constant except for one manipulated thing n If there's a change, it must be due to what you manipulated! Assess effect of a manipulated variable on a measured variable n Manipulated variable = independent variable n Measured variable = dependent variable A dependent variable depends on an independent variable Cross Sectional Design - ✔✔Compares groups of participants that are different ages (data collected at the same time) Longitudinal Design - ✔✔Compares the same group of participants at different ages Ethics - ✔✔Researchers have a vital responsibility to anticipate potential risksthat the children in their studies may encounter • Risks must be minimized • Benefits must outweigh potential harm ¨ Can influence decision to do correlational vs. experimental study Genotype - ✔✔An individual's genetic information Db (Dark/blonde heteozygous) ¨ Phenotype - ✔✔An individual's directly observable characteristics n Brunette hair Chromosomes - ✔✔Rod-like structures in cells that store and transmit genetic information -Typically 23 pairs Sex chromosomes n Females: XX n Males: XY DNA - ✔✔Chemical substance that makes up chromosomes Genes - ✔✔Short segments of DNA Approximately 25,000 genes! Mitosis - ✔✔Process by which DNA duplicates itself ¤ New cell body contains same genetic information Meiosis - ✔✔Process by which gametes(sex cells) are formed ¤ Half of chromosomes normally present (23) ¤ Leads to genetic variability Gamete - ✔✔Sex cell Zygote - ✔✔A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum. Allele - ✔✔Alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organism. Dominant Recessive Inheritance - ✔✔Phenotype of both heterozygous and homozygous dominant individuals have the same phenotype Sex Linked Inheritance - ✔✔Allele on sex chromosome ¨ Greater prevalence in males ¤ Hemophilia ¤ Red-green colorblindness Polygenetic Inheritance - ✔✔MANY genes contribute to the characteristic Monozygotic twins - ✔✔identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo dizygotic twins - ✔✔twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory - ✔✔environmental influences on development. 4 interacting systems--microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem [Show More]

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