Pathophysiology Exam 1 Practice Questions with answers. Midterm exam.
The most common cause of hypoxia is_________ - ✔✔ISCHEMIA: reduced supply of blood into tissues causing hypoxia (reduced oxygen in cells)
Hypo
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Pathophysiology Exam 1 Practice Questions with answers. Midterm exam.
The most common cause of hypoxia is_________ - ✔✔ISCHEMIA: reduced supply of blood into tissues causing hypoxia (reduced oxygen in cells)
Hypoxia is the most common cause of CELL INJURY
Cellular swelling is likely to occur in what organelle? - ✔✔MITOCHONDRIA- the primary consumers of oxygen
swelling due to increase in calcium and sodium from ATP depletion
What causes abnormal accumulations of proteins and how does it lead to cell injury? - ✔✔A change in protein conformation (their shape) causes proteins to bind to themselves.
In this aggregated accumulated state, the protein is resistant to normal clearance which leads to cell injury.
How does ATP depletion cause cell injury in hypoxia? - ✔✔The mitochondria REQUIRES OXYGEN to produce ATP. In a hypoxic state, there is A LACK OF OXYGEN in CELLS.
ATP depletion causes an excess of CALCIUM TO MOVE INTO THE CYTOSOL (normally low levels in the cell) ENZYMES activate further damage to the cell
If oxygen not restored, damage can be irreversible and lead to cell death by necrosis or apoptosis
The cardiac muscle enlarging due to working harder in response to heart valve disease would be an example of what cellular adaption? - ✔✔HYPERTROPHY
What causes water into cells and produces swelling? - ✔✔ATP DEPLETION from hypoxia- low levels of oxygen lets the sadium potassium pump function inproperly. This upsets the ion balance and sodium enters the cells, DRAWING WATER IN and causing CELLULAR SWELLING
Peroxide, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals are all types of ______ - ✔✔REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS)
a chemically reactive molecule containing oxygen and free radicals that in excess can lead to oxidative stress and cell damage.
In a reperfusion injury, how is the restoration of oxygen damaging after hypoxia + ischemia and why? - ✔✔The lack of sufficient oxygen causes a condition where the restoration of circulation creates INFLAMMATION and OXIDATIVE DAMAGE produced by OXIDATIVE STRESS
When does reperfusion injury occur? - ✔✔when the blood supply is returned to the tissue that was ischemic and hypoxic
Chronic consumption of alcohol can lead to what type of intracellular accumulation? - ✔✔LIPID ACCUMULATION from increased production of lipids of the liver cells (hepatocytes) called FATTY LIVER DISEASE which can lead to CIRROHISIS.
Alzheimer's disease, prion disease Parkinsons are all what type of diease? - ✔✔PROTEIN MISFOLDING DISEASES
What changes in cellular phenotype are caused by senescence? - ✔✔--Permanent arrest of cell proliferation
--Resistance to APOPTOSIS
-Altered patterns of gene expression
In response to accumulations of misfolded/unfolded proteins, what does is the cell's response to prevent damage? - ✔✔The cell tries to restore normal functioning by
STOPPING PROTEIN TRANSLATION
DEGRADING MISFOLDED PROTEINS
ACTIVATING SIGNALING PATHWAYS that lead to increased production of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES to help proteins fold properly
If unsuccessful, cell aims toward APOPTOSIS
How do mis/unfolded proteins accumulate? - ✔✔When cells are subjected to stressors like MUTATIONS of synthesized and chaperone proteins, misfolded proteins can accumulate as they are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum
When the misfolded protein accumulate, the UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE is activated
The unfolded protein response is a cellular stress response related to what organelle stress? - ✔✔ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS- where proteins are being synthesized
histone acetylation a type of histone post transitional modification results in - ✔✔Transforms CHROMATIN into a more relaxed structure that is associated with higher levels of GENE TRANSCRIPTION
What are examples of types of histone post translational modifications? - ✔✔Histone aceytlation, methylanation, and phosphorylation that are modified by enzymes
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