Pathology HESI Questions with accurate answers, 2022/2023 latest updates

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Pathology HESI Questions with accurate answers, 2022/2023 latest updates An initial disturbance in a system that sets off a chain of events that does not favor stability and often abruptly displa... ces a system from its steady state is.. A. Positive Feedback B. Negative Feedback C. Homeostasis D. Disease - ✔✔A. What organ shrinks with age? A. Prostate B. Gums C. Heart D. All of the above - ✔✔B. Which of the following is true? A. An infant will have a slower heart rate than an adult B. The elderly have better temperature sensations fade with age C. There are more sweat glands in an elderly person D. There is less thirst perception in the elderly - ✔✔D. Which of the following is true? A. Women snore more than men passages that are narrower than women's causing more nighttime noise. B. Men have higher calcium levels C. Women have lower hemoglobin than men D. Men have lower creatinine levels than men - ✔✔C. An increase in normal adaptive response to the decreased availability of oxygen at high altitude is termed which? A. Circadian B. Acclimatization C. Population D. Diurnal - ✔✔B. What does it mean when the cause of disease is unwanted medical treatment? A. Idiopathic B. Ectogenetic C. Genotypical D. Iatrogenic - ✔✔D. Which is an objectively identifiable aberration (different from the normal) of the disease? A. Symptom B. Syndrome C. Stage D. Sign - ✔✔D. Which of the following is true regarding catecholamines? A. They are from the parasympathetic nervous system B. They cross the blood brain barrier C. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine D. They cause a decrease in heart rate - ✔✔C. Which of the following is a true statement A. Antidiuretic hormone is not important for blood volume regulation B. Endorphins increase with stress, resulting in decreased pain perception C. Epinephrine and cortisol act very differently D. Cortisol negates epinephrine's activity - ✔✔B. By which mechanism do lipid molecules cross cell membranes? A. They use channel proteins as a membrane transport system B. They are transported across the plasma membrane by endo/exocytosis C. They use voltage-gated ion channels D. They cross by diffusion - ✔✔D. Which of the following metabolic processes is a component of anabolic metabolism? A. Protein synthesis B. Glycolysis C. Citric acid cycle D. Oxidative phosphorylation - ✔✔A. Which of the following electrochemical mechanism is responsible for maintaining cell volume? A. The calcium pump B. Glucose transporters C. The sodium-potassium pump D. ATP binding cassette - ✔✔C. Cellular hypoxia results in... A. Enhanced ATP activity B. Loss of intracellular calcium C. Increased pH D. Failure of the sodium potassium pump - ✔✔D. A 75 year old women develops weakness in her lower extremities after prolonged bed rest. This is most likely caused by... A. Atrophy of her leg muscles B. Dysplasia of her leg muscles C. Hypertrophy of her leg muscles D. Hyperplasia of leg muscles - ✔✔A. Which of the following types of cellular adaptation is most likely to occur from chronic ischemia? A. Hypertrophy B. Metaplasia C. Atrophy D. Hyperplasia - ✔✔C. What is the mechanism of cellular injury that occurs when deep sea divers get "the bends"? A. Free radicals form abnormal chemical bonds which destroy the cellular membranes B. CO binds tightly to hemoglobin, preventing RBCs from carrying O2 C. Intracellular Ca accumulation creates muscle tetany D. Gas bubbles form in blood, blocking circulation and resulting in ischemia - ✔✔D. Which type of cellular adaptation would create greatest concern on a biopsy? A. Dysplasia B. Metaplasia C. Hyperplasia D. Atrophy - ✔✔A. Which of the following is the process by which mRNA is synthesized from single stranded DNA? A. Sense stranding B. Replication C. Translation D. Transcription - ✔✔D. Which of the following is not one of the 4 types of cells in humans? A. Epithelium B. Connective tissue C. Hematopoietic tissue D. Nervous tissue - ✔✔C. If a patient has a recessive trait, which of the following is the genotype of this patient? A. aa B. AA C. Aa D. aA - ✔✔A. Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is linked with Down's Syndrome? A. Translocation B. Inversion C. Deletion D. Duplication - ✔✔D. Which of the following refers to a deficiency of factor VII that causes a bleeding disorder? A. Marfan syndrome B. Phenylketonuria C. Hemophilia D. Huntington's - ✔✔C. Which of the following is a retrovirus that causes cancer? A. Rhinovirus B. Parvovirus C. Epstein-Barr virus D. Poxvirus - ✔✔C. Which of the following genes contributes specifically to breast cancer? A. Rb B. BRCA1 C. P53 D. VHL - ✔✔B. Which is used to describe the histological characteristics of tumor cells? A. Staging B. Cachexia C. Grading D. Angiogenesis - ✔✔C. Which of the following offers the best prognosis for the cure of cancer? A. Early detection B. Aggressive chemotherapy C. Adjunct radiation D. Gene therapy - ✔✔A. Which of the following is true about cancer? A. Most deaths occur in those over 75 B. Men have a 1 and 3 lifetime risk of cancer C. The combined 5 year survival rate of cancer is 62% D. It is the leading cause of death - ✔✔C. What is the purpose of the TNM classification system? A. It provides information for ongoing research efforts to develop a cure for cancer B. It tracks the progress of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment C. It enables MDs to determine the underlying cause of malignancy D. It provides tumor data for the CDC - ✔✔B. Why do patients with advanced cancer develop cachexia (malnutrition)? A. Cancer cells produce an enzyme that robs cell of nutrients B. They lack an adequate number of normal cells to support metabolism C. They have an increased basal metabolic rate D. The process of cancer cell destruction utilizes most of the body's nutrients - ✔✔A. Bacteria are categorized by their: A. Shape B. Need for oxygen C. Reaction to staining D. Size E. Color - ✔✔A, B, C If the host's immune system is compromised resident florae may become pathogenic resulting in: A. Opportunistic infection B. Salmonella infection C. Otitis media D. Myocarditis - ✔✔A. Patient education to reduce emergence of resistant infections includes: A. Stop taking antibiotics when fever subsides B. Take antibiotics for viral infections that cause fevers C. Take all the antibiotics ordered even when feeling recovered D. Share antibiotics with susceptible family members - ✔✔C. Which of the following occurs first after cellular injury? A. Vessel wall rupture B. Neutrophils migrate to injured area C. Plasma proteins and water move from the intracellular space to the interstitial space D. Vessel walls briefly constrict - ✔✔D. Which of the following is an example of active immunity A. Injection of pooled gamma globulin B. Breast-feeding C. Passed from mother to infant via the placenta D. Pneumonia vaccine - ✔✔D. A patient's WBC count indicates a shift to the left. What should a nurse assess for? A. Leukemia B. Weakness C. Infection D. Immunosuppression - ✔✔C. The lab analysis on a child with chronic nasal drainage shows elevated numbers of eosinophils in the blood. What is the likely cause of drainage? A. Bacterial infection B. Allergies C. Viral infection D. Sinus infection - ✔✔B. A child with ill fitting shoes develops a vesicle (small blister) that bursts, releasing a clear watery fluid. The drainage is A. Serous B. Vesicular C. Purulent D. Sanguineous - ✔✔A. Which of the following specialized cells are associated with the immune response? A. Neutrophils B. Monocytes C. Macrophages D. Lymphocytes - ✔✔D. A severe life-threatening type of 1 hypersensitivity reaction is: A. Angioedema B. Urticarial C. Anaphylaxis D. Hives - ✔✔C. What pathophysiologic abnormality underlies systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? A. Immune deficiency B. Type 2 hypersensitivity C. Autoimmunity D. Immunosuppression - ✔✔C. Which of the following terms best describes the symptoms of petechiae, easy bruising, bleeding gums, occult hematuria or retinal hemorrhage? A. Neutropenia B. Leukopenia C. Anemia D. Thrombocytopenia - ✔✔D. If I get a kidney transplant from my sister, what is it called? A. Allogeneic transplant B. "Gift of Life" C. Autologous transplant D. Peripheral stem cell transplant - ✔✔A. Which of the following is a malignant disorder of mature antibody-secreting B lymphocytes or plasma cells? A. Multiple myeloma B. Hairy cell leukemia C. ALL D. CML - ✔✔A. Which disease has the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells? A. B-cell lymphoma B. NK-cell lymphoma C. Hodgkin lymphoma D. T-cell lymphoma - ✔✔C. Which of the following assists in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma? A. Elevated liver enzymes B. Bence Jones proteins C. Hyperkalemia D. Erythrocytosis - ✔✔B. What statement is true regarding HIV -1 A. It is a causative agent in the U.S B. It produces a milder form of the disease C. It is most commonly found in West Africa D. The latency period is longer than in HIV-2 - ✔✔A. What is the result of increased hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels? A. Increased levels of albumin B. Fluid movement in the interstitial space C. Vasoconstriction D. Hypertension - ✔✔B. Which is a manifestation of left heart failure? A. Peripheral edema B. Increased exercise tolerance C. Pulmonary edema D. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) - ✔✔C. A patient develops compartment syndrome. What are the expected manifestations? A. Pain B. Paresthesia C. Rubor D. Ischemia E. Inflammation F. Coolness G. Edma - ✔✔A, B, D, F What are manifestations of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? A. Intense thirst B. Projectile vomiting C. Pinpoint pupils D. Altered mental status E. Decerebrate positioning F. Bradycardia G. Hypotension - ✔✔B, D, E,F What may unusual thirst in a diabetic patient indicate? A. Nephropathy B. Hyperglycemia C. Polyuria D. Fluid overload - ✔✔B. Which of the following is true about chronic airway disease? A. COPD is characterized by progressive increase in ciliary function B. Asthmatic attacks produce edema and increased mucus C. COPS produces reversible constriction of airways D. Asthma results in hyperinflation of alveoli - ✔✔B. Which hormone is elevated in early pregnancy, and is detected by pregnancy screening tests? A. Estrogen B. Follicle stimulating hormone C. Beta chorionic gonadotropin D. Prolactin - ✔✔C. A patient with peripheral artery disease experiences intermittent pain with walking. What is the mechanism responsible? A. Vein engorgement resulting in tissue compression B. Hyperglycemic damage arterioles, resulting in intimal destruction C. Arterial occlusion result in ischemia to muscles D. Thromboembolism in capillaries causes inflammation of blockage of blood drainage from legs - ✔✔C. Which is the initial vital sign alteration expected when a patient has acute hypovolemia? A. Tachypnea B. Hypotension C. Tachycardia D. Elevated temperature - ✔✔C. A patient has episodes of chest pain, shortness of breath with activity, and it is relieved by rest. What is this called? A. Stage angina B. Unstable angina C. Myocardial infarction D. Pericarditis - ✔✔A. Which of the following may be risk factors associated with the development of gastric cancer? A. Eating bacon B. Celiac disease C. Ulcerative colitis D. Helicobacter pylori infection E. High carbohydrate diet - ✔✔A, D What immunologic activity is seen in the development of COPD [Show More]

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