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NP235 Unit 6 Endocrine System 2022/2023

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What is a hypophysectomy? ●or surgical removal of the pituitary gland, is most commonly performed microsurgically via the nose or at the junction of the gums and upper lip. Usual Symptoms with Type 1 Diabetes Extreme thirst (polydipsia) Frequent urination (polyuria) Extreme hunger (polyphagia) Rapid loss of weight Irritability Weakness and fatigue Nausea and vomiting 00:21 00:46 Classic symptoms of ketoacidosis In an attempt to rid itself of acidosis produced by ketones, the body increases respiratory rate and depth (Kussmaul respirations). Acetone, a ketone body, is excreted in the urine, causing acetonuria or ketonuria, and from the lungs, which can be detected in the characteristic fruity odor to the breath. As the kidney excretes excess glucose and ketones, it also eliminates large quantities of water and electrolytes. When reinforcing insulin teaching with a client, what would be an example of long acting insulin? Examples of long acting insulins include Extended insulin zinc insulin (Ultralente) Insulin glargine (Lantus) Insulin detemir (Levemir) Insulin degludec (Tresiba) What is the main cause of hyperosmolar state (HHS) in people with DM2? high blood glucose levels because of illness or added stress, such as infection. Glucose levels greater than 600 mg/dL are common; in some cases, the blood glucose can reach well over 1000 mg/dL. The extremely high level of glucose in the blood causes severe dehydration and circulating fluid volume depletion secondary to osmotic diuresis. HHS is different from DKA because a small amount of circulating insulin remains available, resulting in the absence of ketosis and acidosis What are the symptoms of Cushings? They include painful fatty swellings in the intrascapular space (buffalo hump) and facial area (moon face), an enlarged abdomen with thin extremities, bruising after even minor traumas, impotence, amenorrhea, hypertension, and weakness from abnormal protein catabolism with loss of muscle mass. are manifestations of excess levels of the hormones from the adrenal cortex. The condition can be caused by: ●Excessive secretion of ACTH by the pituitary, which may result from the faulty release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus or a pituitary adenoma. ●A secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex. ●Ectopic production of ACTH by tumors outside the pituitary, such as lung cancer. ●Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome from prolonged use of steroid therapy (the most common cause).

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