ABO blood groups Correct Answer: carbohydrate antigens on the surface of blood cells determine blood type
primary lymphoid organs Correct Answer: bone marrow and thymus
circulating leukocytes Correct Answer: mat
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ABO blood groups Correct Answer: carbohydrate antigens on the surface of blood cells determine blood type
primary lymphoid organs Correct Answer: bone marrow and thymus
circulating leukocytes Correct Answer: mature immune cells that circulate through blood vessels
innate immunity Correct Answer: mechanisms that exist prior to infection and are capable of rapid responses to microbes
adaptive immunity Correct Answer: a more complex defense system against infection that requires some time to develop after initial exposure to the microbe; is specific and specialized and has memory; mediated by lymphocytes with highly diverse antigen receptors
lymphocytes Correct Answer: a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies to fight off infections
PD-L1 Correct Answer: A protein that's expressed by immune cells, such as DCs, and non-immune cells, including many cancer cells. Blocking this protein prevents its interaction with PD-1 expressed by T cells, thus relieving a negative regulator of T cell function
Checkpoint blockade Correct Answer: the reactivation of existing T cells that are nonfunctional due to inhibitory signaling; accomplished by blocking inhibitory receptors, which rejuvenates exhausted T cells (mainly CTLA-4 in lymph nodes and PD-1 in tissue)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell Correct Answer: are created by introducing into T cells a DNA sequence that contains the recognition portion of an antibody fused to signaling components of the T cell receptor; have been used to treat some types of cancer
Cross matching Correct Answer: method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
HLA (human leukocyte antigen) Correct Answer: these proteins are the most important determinants of an allogenic immune response
HLA matching Correct Answer: used to reduce the risk of transplant rejection
Natural antibodies Correct Answer: Antibodies produced by the immune system in the apparent absence of any infection. They have a broad specificity for self and microbial antigens, can react with many pathogens, and can activate complement.
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