● Consanguineal: Individuals related by blood. The kin you are related to by descent
● Affinal: Relatives by marriage, whether of lineals (ex: son’s wife) or of collaterals (sister’s
husband)
● Fictive Kinship: This t
...
● Consanguineal: Individuals related by blood. The kin you are related to by descent
● Affinal: Relatives by marriage, whether of lineals (ex: son’s wife) or of collaterals (sister’s
husband)
● Fictive Kinship: This type of kinship would be the god parent, or the person who is really
close to you that you may even call “aunt” or “uncle”, but are NOT biologically related to you
or related to you through marriage. Family member by choice rather than blood or marriage.
(ex: adoption)
● Historical Materialism: A methodological approach to the study of society, economics, and
history that looks for the causes of development and changes in human society in the means
by which humans produce the necessities of life. A theory of History which, along with other
theories about societal, economic, and political structures, constitute Marxism.
● Marxism: For our purposes, a set of theories of society, economics, and politics. Its main
goals are to critique capitalism and foment social change. Historical materialism is just one
part of Marxist theory.
● Political Economy: Application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the
traditional concerns or subjects of Anthropology. Political Economists may emphasize how
ideas and belief systems work towards power’s goals, how control over the means of
production is a major influence on legand political systems, or how laws don’t benefit
everyone equally.
● Ideology: Set of ideas that reflect class interest. Upper class typically subordinates the lower
class into working hard for menial wages, this is due to the fact that the upper class owns the
means of production and it is normalized. The lower class must find their own ideology.
● Class: Based on real property difference/symbolic proportional stratification. This can be
measured by income, machines, home, land, business, capital, investments, symbolic forms
of capital (cultural capital). It also includes their ability to support a family, it divides people
into sets based on perceived social or economic status. Shows the relationship between
people and modes of production.
● Materialism: Theory based on ethnography, objective conditions, assume that human needs
(food/shelter) take priority over other needs, resources are a natural given, human relation
between nature is to sustain life. (whats going in the stomach--objective)
● Idealism: More symbolic, mental perception, questions objective conditions in how they
affect the way of like, subjective, human mind, mental needs (social, values), econ resources
aren’t natural, they are culturally determined. (whats going in the mind--theoretical) :-)
● Clifford Geertz: Main advocate for interpretive anthropology. Idealist approach to society
and was trained in Philosophy. Coined the term “Thicc Thick Description”
● Interpretive Anthropology: Emphasizes uniqueness and particularisms of each culture.
Considered the task of describing and interpreting that which is meaningful to natives.
● Interpretivism: Approaches used to emphasize meaningful nature of people’s participation
in both social and cultural life. Rules out natural science methods. Max Weber was a big
advocate. - thick description
● Mode of Production: Distinguishes class, which is the base of society. Everything that goes
into production are necessities of life, including the productive means (labor, capital, raw
materials) and the relations to that production.
● Feudalism: Political and economic system based on the holding of all land. This society is
based off subordination of the poorer classes to work the land.
● Capitalism: Economic system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by
private owners for profit rather than by the state.
● Class Conflict: Source for social change, class struggle is the tension that exists in society
due to competing socioeconomic interests and desires between people or different classes.
● Labor: Physical or mental exertion. Especially when difficult or exhausting production of
goods, any work that modifies nature, any kind of work not necessarily to make something.
● Law of Value: Your true worth is determined by how much more you give in value than you
take in payment based on Marxist theory.owning class(owns means of production) and
Working class works for a salary.
Labor creates value → proletariat create value when producing commodities. Under
capitalism, the owner steals from the proletariat by paying them less than what they produce,
according to Karl Marx
● False Consciousness: (especially in Marxist theory) A way of thinking that prevents a
person from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation.
● Boasian Anthropology: Was founded by Franz Boas. Focused on how culture influenced
the human species. Understanding human cultures as malleable and perpetuated
(elongated) through social learning. Boas introduced the concept of cultural relativism
● American Historical School: It is another term we use for Boasian anthropology.
● Methodological Collectivism: Look at society through the lens of the whole
● Methodological Individualism: Look at society through the lens of the individual. Assumes
that not everyone in a collective society will behave in the same manner (how social
phenomena result from individual actions)
● Gender: Socially constructed, like race, it is attached to ideas of biology, and it varies across
time and culture. It distincts masculinity and femininity. Third group may not be apart of all
cultures.
● Sex: Biological.
● Intersex: Group of conditions involving a discrepancy between external and internal genitals.
Originally called hermaphroditism, may be caused by a difference or deficiency in
chromosomes
● Transgender: Third gender, not accepted in all societies. Individual whose gender identity
contradicts their biological sex at birth and their gender identity that society as assigned to
them may be at infancy.
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