BIO 152-- FINAL EXAM LATEST MATERIAL 2023 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS!

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Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based? a. There is heritable variation among individuals. b. Poorly adapted individuals never produce offsprin... g. c. Species produce more offspring than the environment can support. d. Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those whose characteristics are less well suited. e. Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive. - b. Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification? a. Species diversity declines farther from the equator. b. Fewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents. c. Birds can be found on islands located farther from the mainland than the birds' maximum nonstop flight distance. d. South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe. e. Earthquakes reshape life by causing mass extinctions. - c. Birds can be found on islands located farther from the mainland than the birds' maximum nonstop flight distance. Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new infections were caused by MRSA. How can this result best be explained? a. S. aureus can resist vaccines. b. A patient must have become infected with MRSA from another community. c. In response to the drug, S. aureus began making drug-resistant versions of the protein targeted by the drug. d. Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency. e. The drug caused the S. aureus DNA to change. - b. A patient must have become infected with MRSA from another community. The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggests that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data? a. Humans and bats evolved by natural selection, and whales evolved by Lamarckian mechanisms. b. Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales. c. Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy. d. Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats. e. Whales are not properly classified as mammals. - c. Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy. DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that a. humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. b. humans evolved from chimpanzees. c. chimpanzees evolved from humans. d. convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities. e. humans and chimpanzees are not closely related. - d. convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities. Natural selection changes allele frequencies because some ____ survive and reproduce more successfully than others. a. alleles b. loci c. gene pools d. species e. individuals - e. individuals No two people are genetically identical, except for identical twins. The main source of genetic variation among human individuals is a. new mutations that occurred in the preceding generation. b. genetic drift due to the small size of the population. c. the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction. d. geographic variation within the population. e. environmental effects. - c. the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction. Sparrows with average-sized wings survive severe storms better than those with longer or shorter wings, illustrating a. the bottleneck effect b. disruptive selection c. frequency-dependent selection d. neutral variation e. stabilizing selection - e. stabilizing selection There are 40 individuals in population 1, all with genotype A1A1, and there are 25 individuals in population 2, all with genotype A2A2. Assume that these populations are located far from each other and that their environmental conditions are very similar. Based on the information given here, the observed genetic variation is most likely an example of a. genetic drift b. gene flow c. disruptive selection d. discrete variation e. directional selection - a. genetic drift A fruit fly population has a gene with two alleles, A1 and A2. Tests show that 70% of the gametes produced in the population contain the A1 allele. If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what proportion of the flies carry both A1 and A2? a. 0.7 b. 0.49 c. 0.21 d. 0.42 e. 0.09 - d. 0.42 The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is a a. population b. species c. genus d. hybrid e. phylum - b. species Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent? a. habitat isolation b. temporal isolation c. behavioral isolation d. gametic isolation e. postzygotic barriers - c. behavioral isolation Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification? a. The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction. b. The two forms live in similar habitats c. The two forms have many genes in common d. The two forms have similar food requirements. e. The two forms are very similar in coloration. - a. The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction. Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation? a. A population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population. b. The separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs. c. The isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population. d. Different mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations. e. Gene flow between the two populations is extensive. - e. Gene flow between the two populations is extensive. In Figure 26.4 (page 538), which similarly inclusive taxon descended from the same common ancestor as Canidae? a. Felidae b. Mustelidae c. Carnivora d. Canis e. Lutra - b. Mustelidae Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up a. a valid taxon. b. a monophyletic clade. c. an ingroup, with species U as the outgroup. d. a paraphyletic group. e. a polyphyletic group. - d. a paraphyletic group. In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is a. a shared ancestral character. b. a shared derived character. c. a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals. d. an example of analogy rather than homology. e. a character useful for sorting bird species. - a. a shared ancestral character. Among the characteristics unique to animals is a. gastrulation. b. multicellularity. c. sexual reproduction. d. flagellated sperm. e. heterotrophic nutrition. - a. gastrulation. Acoelomates are characterized by a. the absence of a brain. b. the absence of mesoderm. c. deuterostome development. d. a coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderm. e. a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs. - e. a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs. A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share a. a mantle. b. a radula. c. gills. d. embryonic torsion. e. distinct cephalization. - a. a mantle. Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? a. Cnidaria b. Platyhelminthes c. Porifera d. Arthropoda e. Mollusca - d. Arthropoda The water vascular system of echinoderms a. functions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients to body cells. b. functions in locomotion and feeding. c. is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal is not bilaterally symmetrical. d. moves water through the animal's body during suspension feeding. e. is analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms. - b. functions in locomotion and feeding. Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? a. Echinodermata—bilateral symmetry as a larva, coelom present b. Nematoda—roundworms, pseudocoelomate c. Cnidaria—radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms d. Platyhelminthes—flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate e. Porifera—gastrovascular cavity, coelom present - e. Porifera—gastrovascular cavity, coelom present In Figure 33.2 (page 666), which two main clades branch from the most recent common ancestor of the eumetazoans? a. Porifera and Cnidaria b. Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa c. Cnidaria and Bilateria d. Rotifera and Deuterostomia e. Deuterostomia and Bilateria - c. Cnidaria and Bilateria In Figure 33.8 (page 673), assume that the two medusae shown at step 4 were produced by one polyp colony. Review Concept 12.1 (pp. 229-230) and Concept 13.4 (pp. 257-260), and then use your understanding of mitosis and meiosis to evaluate whether the following sentence is true or false. If false, select the answer that provides the correct reason. Although the two medusae are genetically identical, a sperm produced by one will differ genetically from an egg produced by the other. a. F (the medusae are genetically identical, but so are the gametes) b. F (neither the medusae or the gametes are genetically identical) c. F (the medusae are not identical but the gametes are) d. T - d. T The archenteron develops into a. the mesoderm. b. the blastocoel. c. the endoderm. d. the placenta. e. the lumen of the digestive tract. - e. the lumen of the digestive tract. What happens when a resting neuron's membrane depolarizes? a. There is a net diffusion of Na out of the cell. b. The equilibrium potential for K (EK) becomes more positive. c. The neuron's membrane voltage becomes more positive. d. The neuron is less likely to generate an action potential. e. The cell's inside is more negative than the outside. - c. The neuron's membrane voltage becomes more positive. A common feature of action potentials is that they a. cause the membrane to hyperpolarize and then depolarize. b. can undergo temporal and spatial summation. c. are triggered by a depolarization that reaches the threshold. d. move at the same speed along all axons. e. require the diffusion of Na and K through ligand-gated channels to propagate. - c. are triggered by a depolarization that reaches the threshold. Where are neurotransmitter receptors located? a. the nuclear membrane b. the nodes of Ranvier c. the postsynaptic membrane d. synaptic vesicle membranes e. the myelin sheath - c. the postsynaptic membrane [Show More]

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