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CALT EXAM Questions and Answers Latest Suprasegmental - Correct AnswersAspect of Language (intonation, stress, loudness, pitch level, juncture - (the set of features in speech that enable a hea ... rer to detect a word or phrase boundary), and speaking rate) Segmental - Correct AnswersAspect of Language (phonemes - vowels & consonants) Phonoligical Awareness - Correct AnswersThe knowledge of and sensitivity to the sound structure of language (umbrella term) It includes: rhyming, segmentation activities, and manipulation activities Segmentation Activities - segmenting sentences into words, segmenting compound words into syllables, segmenting words into syllables, identifying initial and final sounds, and segmenting syllables into phonemes Manipulation Activities - omitting syllables, omitting sounds in words, and changing sounds into words Dysarthria - Correct AnswersA disorder in the nervous system which hinders control over the tongue, throat, lips, or lungs Neurological oral-motor dysfunction including weakness of the musculature necessary for coordinating movements of speech production (slurred speech, difficulty with articulation) Dyspraxia - Correct AnswersSensorimotor disruption in which the motor signals to the muscles, such as those necessary for speech production, are not consistently or efficiently received Difficulty getting the body to do what you want it to Difficulty planning and coordinating body movement Difficulty coordinating facial muscles to produce sounds (a person is born with dyspraxia) Phonemic Awareness - Correct AnswersAwareness of the smallest units of speech (phonemes) and the ability to isolate or manipulate the individual phonemes in words Phonetics - Correct AnswersThe study of linguistic speech sounds and how they are produced and perceived Alphabetic Principle - Correct AnswersThe concept that letters on a page represent or map onto the sounds in spoken words Alphabetic Language - Correct AnswersA language, such as English, in which letters are used systematically to represent speech sounds or phonemes Logographic Writing System - Correct AnswersA system in which pictures represent the words of a language, such as Chinese If English was treated as a logographic writing system, it would contain over 700,000 symbols Grapheme - Correct AnswersA written letter or letter cluster representing a single speech sound Ex: i, igh Phonics - Correct AnswersAn approach to teaching reading and spelling that emphasizes sound-symbol relationships Sound + Letters Euphony - Correct AnswersWords formed or combined as to please the ear The tendency to make phonetic change for ease of pronunciation 6 Kinds of Syllables - Correct AnswersOpen Closed Vowel - Consonant - e Final Stable Syllable Vowel Pair Vowel - r Naughty i - Correct AnswersThe vowel i is naughty when it is before a final stable syllable in a words with three or more syllables It will be short and coded with a breve Ex: Tra di [tion Base Word - Correct AnswersThe simplest form of any English word to which affixes may be added A base word is always a complete English word when it stands alone Strephosymbolia (1925) - Correct Answers(Twisted Symbols) Dr. Orton coined the term to describe a condition he observed in his patients "Word Blindness" Samuel T. Orton - Correct Answers(Father of Dyslexia) Identified the syndrome of "specific language disabilities" Separated disabled readers from students with mental retardation, brain damage, and primary emotional disorders Proposed a system for diagnosis Outlined principles of remediation for disabled readers Dysgraphia - Correct AnswersUnsure of handedness, poor or slow handwriting, messy and unorganized papers, difficulty copying, poor fine motor skills, difficulty remembering the kinesthetic movement to form letters correctly Stop Sounds - Correct AnswersThese are sounds in words that when they are said, you have to stop your tongue to release the air A consonant that is produced with a complete obstruction of air It is with these letters: p, b, t, d, k, g Fricative - Correct AnswersA consonant produced by a partial obstruction of the airflow, which creates friction and a slight hissing noise Voiced Ex: /f/, /v/, /th/ Unvoiced Ex: /s/, /z/, /sh/, /zh/ Affricate - Correct AnswersConsonant speech sound articulated as a stop consonant followed by a fricative Ex: /ch/, /j/ Phonological Processing - Correct AnswersAn umbrella term for a large category of oral language processing abilities that are related to the sounds in words and are associated with the ability to read well Identify the Stages of Expressive Written Language Development (Phrases of Writing) - Correct AnswersStage 1 - Imitation (preschool - 1st grade) Stage 2 - Graphic Presentation (1st grade - 2nd grade) Stage 3 - Progressive Incorporation (late 2nd grade - 4th grade) Stage 4 - Automization (4th grade - 7th grade) Stage 5 - Elaboration (7th grade - 9th grade) Stage 6 - Personalization - Diversification (9th grade - and beyond) Domains of Language (6) - Correct AnswersPPOSS/u/M Pragmatics Phonology Orthography Semantics Syntax Morphology Pragmatics - Correct AnswersUse Using language in specific situations, understanding the feelings/emotions of characters, understanding how characters treat each other Use of Conversational skills (requesting, turn taking, topic contingency (staying on topic), and topic development) Understanding figurative language (metaphors, similes, idioms) Begins at an oral level Phonology - Correct AnswersForm Sound structure of language/How sounds operate Phonological awareness and phonemic awareness Production of sounds (phonetics) Begins at oral level Orthography - Correct AnswersForm Understand and recognize patterns of written language Sound/symbol correspondence, letter recognition, common letter patterns for reading, syllable types, syllable division patterns, syllable patterns, rules, irregular words, fluency Begins at written level Syntax - Correct AnswersForm Use appropriate grammar in oral and written language Grammatical structure of language, sentence structure, grammar Begins at oral level Semantics - Correct AnswersMeaning Meaning conveyed by language - (vocabulary knowledge) Text comprehension Begins at oral level Morphology - Correct AnswersForm Study of meaning carry units of words, ways words are formed and related to one another Identify suffixes, prefixes, base words, roots, and combining forms) Understanding meaning and usage of word parts in oral and written language Begins at the oral level Rapid Letter Naming is key to.... - Correct AnswersReading with speed and accuracy Decoding and Encoding refer to.... - Correct AnswersApplying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning 504 refers to a section of.... - Correct AnswersThe Rehabilitation Act of 1973 504 is federal law that is NOT federally funded An appropriate education for a student with a disability under the Section 504 regulations could consist of.... - Correct AnswersEducation in regular classroom Education in regular classroom with supplementary services Special education and related services Texas Education Code 38.003 - Correct AnswersState law Requires testing Requires students enrolled in public school to be tested for dyslexia Requires treatment (teaching) State Board of Education (SBOE) administers Texas Education Code 28.06 - Correct AnswersState law Requires administration of reading instruments to diagnose reading problems Each district does/has to notify parent and provide instruction The National Reading Panel (NRP) - "The Big 5" - Correct Answers5 essential components of reading: 1. Explicit instruction in PHONEMIC AWARENESS 2. Systematic PHONICS instruction 3. Techniques to improve FLUENCY (accuracy, speed, understanding, and prosody) 4. VOCABULARY development 5. Reading COMPREHENSION Which domains are involved in spelling? - Correct AnswersOrthography + Phonology Semantics + Syntax Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - 504 - Correct AnswersFederal Law Nondiscrimination on the basis of handicap in programs receiving federal $$. Civil Rights Law - to protect people with disabilities by allowing full participation in the workplace Does not provide funding but can without federal funding Public schools receive federal funding so law applies Why should children read nonsense words? - Correct AnswersTo build fluency, also called word attack skills Texas administrative Code 74 28 - Correct AnswersState Board of Education Rule: -District board of trustee must make sure dyslexic procedures are given to the districts -Districts must use approved strategies for screening and treating dyslexia -State board of education does not recommend programs or provide guidelines and descriptions -Instruction must be at students campus -Districts must notify parents prior to testing, this is their rights under 504 -Early identification must be available -Districts must provide a parent educational program Expressive Language - Correct AnswersForm, Use, Context -The ability to use sounds, signs, or symbols to communicate meaning Individuals with Disabilities Educational Act - IDEA Revision 2008 - Correct Answers-Law created to make available a free appropriate public education (FAPE) to eligible children with disabilities throughout the national and ensures special education and related services -December 1, 2008 Revision: Clarify and strengthen current federal regulations regarding parental consent, hearing rights, state monitoring and enforcement Schwa - Correct AnswersThe unaccented vowel and unaccented syllable Makes an "uh" sound Ex: The first + last a is schwa in America Multisensory - Correct AnswersUsing more than one of the senses: visual- what you see auditory- what you hear tactile- what you touch and handle The word 'brown" - Correct Answers-Irregular for spelling because "ow" is typically in the final position -Regular for reading The word "look" - Correct AnswersRegular for reading and spelling What origin is "gym" like gymnasium? - Correct AnswersGreek Greek word clues - Correct Answers-words with ph -ch pronounced /k/ -long words with the letter k (kilometer, kinescope) -long/short unfamiliar words with th (athlete, theme) -words with medial y (gymnastics) -words related to olympics and theatre -words with /rh/ (rhyme) -words with "ology" (biology) -words with silent p (pneumonia, psychology) Teachers suspects a problem & tracks student performance with running records... what type of assessment? - Correct AnswersFormative assessment (daily or weekly...informal) Which domain do synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms belong-to? - Correct AnswersMorphology or semantics (depending on what is listed) Which helps a child develop language? - Correct Answers----> READ BOOKS ALOUD <--- -write name -sing ABC's -communicate with children FLOSS Rule - Correct Answers-one syllable base word -a short vowel -ends in f, l, or s Ex: Staff, Doll, Miss Rabbit Rule - Correct Answers-two-syllable base word -short vowel -one medial consonant sound Ex: Muffin, tennis, mitten Doubling Rule - Correct AnswersIf Base word ends in: -One vowel -One consonant -One accent -Vowel suffix double the final consonant Ex: run + er = runner, hop + ed = hopped Dropping Rule - Correct AnswersIf a base word ends in: -a final silent e -vowel suffix drop the silent e Ex: drive + ing = driving, hope + ed = hoped Changing Rule - Correct AnswersIf the base word end in: -a consonant -final y -suffix that does not begin with i change the y to i before adding the suffix Ex: Happy + ness = happiness, penny + less = penniless ADHD Testing - Correct AnswersConners Rating Scale (shows ADHD symptoms and severity) Diphthong - Correct AnswersThe sound produced by combining two vowels in to a single syllable or running together the sounds Ex: oi, oy, ou, ow Who did not believe in coding/phonological awareness? - Correct AnswersKenneth Goodman (He liked whole language) Which is not a combinations of "er" - Correct AnswersBerry - vrr (vowel r r is not the same as vr) Ladder of Language Acquisition - Correct AnswersSix Stages: 1. Pre-productions (0-6 months) 2. Early production (6 mo - 1 year) 3. Speech, emergence ( 1 - 3 years) 4. beginning, fluency 5. intermediate fluency (3 - 5 years) 6. advanced fluency (5 - 7 years) See teacher that diagnosis a student at the ball park... what to do? - Correct AnswersFind the parent, meet in private Comma and quotations marks - Correct AnswersComma goes inside quotation marks Which test does not measure phonological awareness? - Correct AnswersPeabody When reading or spelling a derivative... look at - Correct Answers-the end of the base word -the beginning of the suffix Best way to test dyslexia - Correct Answers-make a list -observation -parent recommendation What are the three periods of English? - Correct AnswersOld English - Anglo Saxon Middle English - Latin Modern English - Greek Old English / Anglo-Saxon Words Part 1 - Correct AnswersOften more basic words e.g. "eat" -number words (one, two, hundred) -color words (red, blue, green) -farm, forest, ocean animals (pig, shrimp, deer) -outer body parts (head, leg, arm) -short everyday words (run, and, play, the) -words with gh (laugh, cough, right, high) -words with ck (pick, duck, sock) -short words with k (kick, kiss, hook) -words with kn or gn at beginning (knee, gnat) -words with tw (twin, between) Old English / Anglo-Saxon Words Part 2 - Correct Answers-words with wr (write, wrist) -short words with ch prnounced /ch/ (cheap, bench) -one-syllable words with tch (witch, hatch) -one-syllable words with dge (edge, ridge) -short words with th (this, these, bath) -words with wh (why, while, when) -words with double consonant in middle (better) -words with ow (plow, snow) -short words with silent letters (thumb, limb, listen) -short words with unexpected long vowels (wild) -most pronouns (he, she, us) -most two-syllable words with cle (twinkle, handle) -words with ng (song, bring) Latin Word Clues - Correct Answers-long words 3 or more syllables (marvelous) -words with ct or pt (act, erupt) -words with ti or ci pronounced /sh/ (partial, special) -words with sion or ssion (explosion, passion) -words with double consonant near initial (illegal) -words with t pronounced /ch/ (nature) -words with d pronounced /j/ (educate) -words with the silent initial h (hour, herb) -words with ular (regular) -words with j (joint, jail) -words that are legal terms (justice, legal) -words with soft c before c or I (cent, city) -words with sc pronounced /s/ (science, scissors) What are Normal Readers? - Correct AnswersAdequate decoding + adequate listening comprehension What are Dyslexic Readers? - Correct AnswersPoor decoders + adequate listening comprehension What are Hyprolexic Readers? - Correct AnswersAdequate decoding + poor listening comprehension What are Garden Variety Readers? - Correct AnswersPoor decoding + poor listening comprehension Bloom and Lahey (1978) conceptualized three major interactive components of language... what are they? - Correct Answersform, content, use What areas are under "form"? - Correct AnswersPHONOLOGY (how sounds come together to form a word) MORPHOLOGY (the study of words/meaning) SYNTAX (structure of sentences) Smallest meaningful linguistic unit known is... - Correct AnswersMorphemes Morpheme added to the end of the base word to change tense but does NOT change the part of speech or meaning of the word. - Correct AnswersInflectional morpheme Morpheme added to the end of a base word that changes the part of speech or the meaning of a word - Correct AnswersDerivational morpheme Formative data collection - Correct AnswersProcedure to gather information about a child's progress' in acquiring particular skills or knowledge to be applied to short-term instructional goals (daily of weekly quizzes) Summative data collection - Correct AnswersProcedure to gather information about the accumulation and integration of knowledge to be applied to long term comprehensive teaching goals (final exams) A standardize test is an example of a ______________ test. - Correct AnswersFormal Curriculum referenced test - Correct AnswersComprehensive end-of-year exams, reflecting the specific subject matter outlined in the curriculum Norm referenced test - Correct AnswersAn individual's performance is compared to the group that was used to calculate the performance standards Diagnostic measure - Correct AnswersAssessment that provides a detailed analysis of students strength and weaknesses (iReady diagnostic) Progress Monitoring - Correct AnswersPeriodic Assessment that measures progress in response to specific instruction DIBLES - Correct AnswersDynamic indicator of Basic Literacy Skills (Good & Kaminski, 2002) Screenings - Correct AnswersBrief assessments usually performed at the beginning of the school year to help identify students who need extra assistance in certain areas Pseudowords - Correct AnswersNonsense words Nasal sound - Correct AnswersA sound produced by forcing air out through the nose Ex: /m / /n/ Glide sounds - Correct AnswersFlowing Ex: /w/, /y/ Liquid sounds - Correct AnswersSound produced when the lips and/or tongue are passing from the position for one sound to that of another Ex: /l/, /r/ How many graphemes and phonemes in "box"? - Correct AnswersGraphemes - 3 Phonemes - 4 /b/, /o/, /k/, /s/ All one syllable words are accented? true or false - Correct AnswersTRUE Synthetic phonics instruction - Correct AnswersStudents learn how to change letters or letter combinations into speech sounds and then blend them together to form known words "sounding out" How parts of the language work together to form a whole Part to whole Reading is an example of Synthetic Instruction all words have same phonemes and graphemes EXCEPT.... - Correct Answerswords with "x" (there will usually be one more phoneme then grapheme because 'x' says /k/, /s/ Reading is ... Spelling is ... - Correct AnswersReading is decoding Spelling is encoding Multisensory Structured Language (How It Is Taught) - Correct AnswersSimultaneous, Multisensory (VAKT - visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile) Uses all pathways of the brain Systematic and Cumulative Direct Instruction Diagnostic Teaching (prescriptive) Synthetic and Analytic Instruction Echolalia - Correct AnswersThe immediate and involuntary repetition of words or phrases just spoken by others (sometimes autistic children have this) The Double Deficit - Correct AnswersInefficient decoding skills and insufficient naming skills Adolf Kussmaul 1877 - Correct AnswersGerman neurologist Came up with the terms word blindness and word deafness considered these conditions to be acquired Rudolf Berlin 1887 - Correct AnswersGerman Ophthalmologist Used the term dyslexia to describe the loss of reading ability due to brain injury or disease Came up with the term dyslexia James Hinshelwood 1895 - Correct AnswersScottish eye surgeon Word blindness Alphabetic method Multisensory teaching Considered condition to be hereditary W. Pringle Morgan 1896 - Correct AnswersEnglish Ophthalmologist Congenital word blindness Influenced by Hinshelwood Considered the condition to be hereditary Stages of Reading Development - Jeanne S. Chall - Correct AnswersStage 0 (Pre-Reading) 6months - 6years Playing with language/Recognition of letters/Discovery of books (Solid foundation is built) Stage 1 (Initial Reading and Decoding) Grade 1 - Beginning Grade 2 Leaning the code/Sight words Stage 2 (Fluency) Grades 2 - 3 Fluency/Confirmation Stage 3 (Reading for New Learning) Grades 4 - 9 Reading to learn Stage 4 (Reading Multiple Viewpoints) High School A wide range of complex materials Stage 5 (Construction and Reconstruction) Anna Gillingham - Correct AnswersPsychologist and Teacher Analyzed and organized the English language for the teaching procedures that Dr. Orton devised (1930's) Trained teachers to use this system Partially Blocked - Correct AnswersA released position of the tongue or lips during the production of a sound Blocked - Correct AnswersThe steady position of the tongue, teeth, or lips during the entire production of a sound Dyslexia is - Correct Answers1. unexpected that is neurological in origin 2. It is characterized by difficulties with a. accurate and/or fluent word recognition; b. poor spelling; and decoding abilities; 3. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction [Show More]

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