NATS 1525 Questions and Answers with Complete Solutions

NATS 1525 Questions and Answers with Complete Solutions Atomists ✔✔Atoms are infinite and in random motion. Beloved in principle of plentitude Principle of Plentitidue ✔✔The universe contains all possible forms of exi ...

NATS 1525 Questions and Answers with Complete Solutions Atomists ✔✔Atoms are infinite and in random motion. Beloved in principle of plentitude Principle of Plentitidue ✔✔The universe contains all possible forms of existence. Anything is possible. Relates to quantum mechanics Murphy's Law ✔✔Anything that can go wrong will go wrong occams razor ✔✔the most simple explanation is the most likely explanation Copernican Principle ✔✔the principle that the Earth is not the center of the universe and is the same from all directions. Principle of relativity ✔✔The laws of physics are the same everywhere in the universe. rotational period ✔✔how long it takes a planet to rotate a complete turn. Synchronous rotation+revolutionary period=RP Doctrine of Atonement ✔✔reconnect God with humanity; Jesus atoned for sins of humankind/reconnected us to God. This is used to say that no, extraterrestrials do not live in sin Geocentric Theory ✔✔Earth is the center of the universe. Aristotelian. Heliocentric Theory ✔✔Every thing revolves around the sun studied by Galelo and Copernicus Parallax ✔✔An apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different locations. The reason why the heliocentric model was not immediately accepted Tycho Brahe ✔✔Created the Geo-Heliocentric model where the earth was still at the Center but other planets orbit the sun. Greatest observational data before the telescope. Believed if Copernicus was correct, then the space between stars was vast and a waste unless there were stellar inhabitants Moons of Jupiter ✔✔Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto. Also known as the Galilean moons. Johannes Kepler ✔✔German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630) eccentricity ✔✔how much an ellipse is stretched out compared to a perfect circle Astronomical Unit (AU) ✔✔the average distance between Earth and the sun, about 150 million km Teleology ✔✔The attempt to describe the existence of something by seeing it serve a purpose Kepler's Somnium ✔✔Divided the moon into hemispheres (Subvolva - had moon and Privolva - no moon) Planet ✔✔A Celestial object which is in orbit around the sun, and is massive enough to assume a spherical shape and clear the neighbourhood around its orbit. Anthropocentrism ✔✔A human-centered view of our relationship with the environment. Our planet is the best planet. dwarf planet ✔✔An object that orbits the sun and is spherical, but has not cleared the area of its orbit. Ceres was the first discovered in 1801 Omnipotence ✔✔Unlimited power Condemnation of 1277 ✔✔Condemned Aristophanes philosophy that limited the omnipotence of god and opened the door for debate on plurality of worlds Plurality of Worlds ✔✔Fontenelle - book of six dialogues between a marquis and a philosopher in which all the planets in our solar system are populated What are the primary elements in living cells? ✔✔Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Chain of Being ✔✔A hierarchy of beings with God at the top, followed by the angels, then humans, then animals. Extraterrestrials fit in in between angles and humans retrograde motion ✔✔the apparent westward motion of the planets with respect to the stars Giordano Bruno ✔✔This priest is burned at the stake for his scientific beliefs. Believed other stars were similar to our sun. Supported the principle of plentitude. Galileo and the moon ✔✔Knew the moon did not have an atmosphere, aware of the huge temperature variations, and never exposed the idea of life on the moon tidal heating ✔✔a source of internal heating created by tidal friction Christiaan Huygens ✔✔Discovered Titan, moon of Saturn. Only moon thought to have an atmosphere in solar system and is in synchronous rotation Issac Newton ✔✔Law of gravity gave merit to Kepler's orbit theory Deism ✔✔belief in a God who created the world but has since remained indifferent to it. Deterministic universe ✔✔Governed by a set of laws. Universe off Newton and is under Deism Theodicy ✔✔A vindication of Devine justice in the existence of evil Problem of Evil ✔✔How can evil exist in a universe that is created by an omnibenevolent, omniscient, and omnipotent god? Leibnizian Theodicy ✔✔Our planet is the worst world in the best possible universe Christian Wolff ✔✔Calculated the height of Jupiterians by the amount of light they received in Jupiter. Follower of Leibniz. Voltaire ✔✔Writer of Micromegas, a satire that features his views on pluralism. Mocks Wolff and fontentelle is the secritary William Herschel ✔✔Globular clusters too tightly packed to let any planets around the stars. Believed there was life on sun and moon and that sun spots were how the people looked out of the sun Richard Bentley ✔✔Discovered the habitable zone. Used the concept of teleology to argue for the existence of extraterrestrials Natural Theology ✔✔Theological system framed entirely out of religious truths which may be learned from natural sources. Relies on reason and is contrary to revealed theology. habitable zone ✔✔Also known as the Goldilocks zone, it is the area around the star in which life can exist. Less luminous stars have a thinner zone than more luminous ones. The Great Moon Hoax ✔✔Published in the Sun by Richard Adam Locke. It was a satire, primarily mocking Thomas Dick. Thomas Paine ✔✔Believed that one has to accept Christianity or abandon the idea of extraterrestrials. For Paine, the two ideologies we're not compatible. Thomas Chalmers ✔✔Wrote a series of sermons that blended extraterrestrial astronomy and evangelical sentiments. Objections to Paine 1. Claim of Infidel and no Christian believes in that Christianity is only a religion for our world 2.unlike infidels, christians conceive of a god who's generosity extends to any creature on this planet and the farthest reaches of the universe Does christ dying on earth redeem inhabitants of other worlds? ✔✔Chalmers says yes. Whewell says no. John Herschel ✔✔Advocate of life on sun and moon. (Son of william). Subject of the moon hoax Thomas Dick ✔✔Based on teleological arguments, dick populated all the solar system with inhabitants. His writings showed how pluralism was ingrained in the culture of 19th century. Dick estimated the population of solar system by calculating the squat mileage of dry land available and the population average in England was 280/mile2 William Whewell ✔✔Proponent of the rare earth hypothesis. Critical of Chalmers, Dick, and Herschel Geological argument ✔✔Earth was without intelligent life for most of history. This is not considered to be a wastage if space. In nature, waste is common. Even if there is wastage in the universe, it is reconcilable with god. Other planets do not have to be inhabited. Paine Vs Whewell ✔✔Paine: either Christianity or extraterrestrials (sided with extraterrestrials) Whewell: Combination for life is rare. God does not create in vain because waste is abundant in the universe. (Sided with Christianity) David Brewster ✔✔Believed the force of atonement emulated to all planetary races. In favour of pluralism and a critic of Whewell Rare Earth Hypothesis ✔✔Emergence of complex life is highly improbable because the combination of condition that give rise to complex and intelligent life are unlikely to be available in the same place Richard Procter ✔✔Put forward the idea that each planet at some stage of life becomes hospitable to life. Jupiter is currently not hospitable but can provide heat for its moons. Popularized whewell's arguments later in life and believed that mars was uninhabitable Panspermia Theory ✔✔The idea that seeds of life exist in the universe and travel on comets, asteroids, etc, and upon reaching a suitable nicheF give rise to complex life. Falsifiability ✔✔Can the claim be disproved? scientific theory must be testable and must make testable predictions Meteroids ✔✔Small bits of rock and metal Meteor ✔✔Meteoroid that burns up in Earth's atmosphere Meteorites ✔✔A meteoroid that passes through the atmosphere and hits Earth's surface organic compounds ✔✔Chemical compound composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen (CHON) Characteristics of Mars Today ✔✔1. Thin atmosphere 2. Primarily carbon dioxide 3. Water (even in liquid form) has been found 4. Much warmer in the past 5. Possibility of life on mars 6. Many people considered the idea that life On Earth came from Mars Sublimation ✔✔A change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid. This occurs with water on mars Atmosphere and water ✔✔Depending on altitude, water will block at a lower temperature in earth Giovanni Schiaparelli ✔✔Saw canali (canals) on Mars-misinterpreted to suggest intelligent beings Percival Lowell ✔✔Reported he saw a lot of canals on mars-nobody could confirm. Funded one of the most advanced telescopes in Boston. Thought the people of mars were building channels from the ice caps to the equator for water access Edward Walter Maunder ✔✔Biggest opponent of canal theory. Opposed to life on mars and proved that eyes connected separate dots to create a false line Drake Equation ✔✔Method to estimate the number of communicating civilizations in our Galaxy N= number of transmitting civilizations in our galaxy R*= galactic birthdate of stars suitable for hosting life Fplanet= fraction of such stars having planets Ne = number of planets per stellar system housing environments favourable for Life Flife = fraction of planets of which life actually evolves Fintel = fraction of inhabited world that have intelligent life Fciv = fraction of planets having intelligent life that produce a civilization capable of communication L = lifetime over which civilization are "on air" broadcasting signals Problems with Drake equation ✔✔No reasonable estimate of terms. Optimistically, a civilization is born every year, and L is dependant on many sociological factors Fermi's Paradox ✔✔Where is everyone? Enrico Fermk believed that since the Kepler mission found about 17 billion terrestrial planets, he wants to know where the extraterrestrials are Responses to Fermi's Paradox ✔✔1. They exist but have no communicated 2. They exist and are here 3. They do not exist (rare earth hypothesis) Contactees ✔✔People who claim to be visited by aliens. Includes Emmanuel Swedenborg and Ellen g white. Abductions result in four general messages 1. Moral injunctions. 2. Apocalyptic messages 3. Chosen one 4. Identity and purpose of aliens