A&P2 Exam 1 - Endocrine System
Questions and Answers Already Passed
Describe the function(s) of the endocrine system ✔✔the endocrine system is made up of glands
that produce and secrete hormones that regulate the acti
...
A&P2 Exam 1 - Endocrine System
Questions and Answers Already Passed
Describe the function(s) of the endocrine system ✔✔the endocrine system is made up of glands
that produce and secrete hormones that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones
regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and
sexual development and function.
Define the term hormone ✔✔A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and
regulates the activity of certain cells or organs
Define the term endocrine ✔✔hormones and the glands that make and secrete them into the
bloodstream through which they travel to affect different receptor cells/organs/tissues
Define the term exocrine ✔✔the secretion of a substance out through a duct. The exocrine glands
include the salivary glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract
Define the term autocrine ✔✔a hormone secreted by a cell and acting on surface receptors of the
same cell
Define the term paracrine ✔✔local hormones diffuse a short distance to other cells
Define the term target cell. ✔✔any cell that has a specific receptor for a hormone, drug,
antibody, etc.
Compare and contrast how the nervous and endocrine systems control body function. ✔✔The
nervous system can respond *quickly* to stimuli, through the use of *action potentials and
neurotransmitters*. Responses to nervous system stimulation are typically *quick but short
lived*.
The endocrine system responds to stimulation by secreting *hormones* into the circulatory
system that travel to the target tissue. Responds slower, but response can last longer.
List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. ✔✔- Peptide hormones
(Proteins/polypeptides)
- Lipid derivatives (Steroids)
- Amino Acid derivatives (Tyrosine derivatives)
What are the major endocrine glands? ✔✔- Pineal
- Pituitary gland.
- Thyroid.
- Parathyroids.
- Thymus
- Adrenal glands.
- Pancreas
- Testes
- Ovaries
Define tropin ✔✔target other endocrine glands
List all of the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary gland hormone ✔✔Anterior:
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
- Growth hormones (GH)
- Prolactin
FLAT (tire = less) MPG
Posterior:
- Oxytocin
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What hormone stimulates the two gonadotropins of the anterior pituitary hormones ✔✔GnRH
Describe the stimulus for release, identify the secreting gland or organ (including specific cells,
if specified), target tissues/organs, and the effect of the hormone on the target tissues/organs:
-Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
-Calcitonin
-Parathyroid hormone ✔✔TRH causes the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH) which then travels to the thyroid gland via the bloodstream. TSH acts on the thyroid gland
and causes the release of T3 and T4 into the blood, where the hormones are carried by proteins to
their target tissues (most cells/tissues). Affect metabolism.
-*Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)*
-*Calcitonin*
The hormone PTH is released from the Parathyroid gland. It is stimulated by low levels of
Calcium and works to increase Calcium levels
-*Parathyroid hormone* (PTH)
Describe the stimulus for release, identify the secreting gland or organ (including specific cells,
if specified), target tissues/organs, and the effect of the hormone on the target tissues/organs:
-Cortisol/Glucocorticoids
-Aldosterone/Mineralcorticoids
-Epinephrine and Norepinephrine ✔✔ACTH targets the Adrenal cortex and increases the
secretion of Cortisol. Cortisol targets most tissues and cells and causes an increase in energy
supply by increasing Glucose levels & lipid / protein breakdown
-*Cortisol* (Glucocorticoids)
Is released by the Adrenal gland and is stimulated by high levels of Potassium, low levels of
sodium, low blood pressure (indirectly). Targets Kidneys; causes Potassium elimination and
reabsorption of Sodium and Water
-*Aldosterone*
Both released from Adrenal medulla and stimulated by sympathetic nerve impulses. Both target
heart. Norepinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. Epinephrine causes
blood vessels and bronchial tubes to dilate and stimulates the reticular formation.
-*Epinephrine* and *Norepinephrine*
Describe the stimulus for release, identify the secreting gland or organ (including specific cells,
if specified), target tissues/organs, and the effect of the hormone on the target tissues/organs:
-Estrogen
-Testosterone
-Progesterone ✔✔The testes and the ovaries secrete these steroid hormones. GnRH stimulates
FSH and LH which stimulate the gonads to produce these hormones for growth and sexual
development.
-*Estrogen*
-*Testosterone*
-*Progesterone*
Describe the stimulus for release, identify the secreting gland or organ (including specific cells,
if specified), target tissues/organs, and the effect of the hormone on the target tissues/organs:
-Insulin
-Glucogon ✔✔Both are released from Pancreas. Insulin stimulated by high glucose levels.
Glucagon stimulated by low glucose levels. Insulin works to decrease blood glucose levels and
glucogon wants to increase it.
-*Insulin*
-*Glucogon*
Describe the stimulus for release, identify the secreting gland or organ (including specific cells,
if specified), target tissues/organs, and the effect of the hormone on the target tissues/organs:
-Melatonin ✔✔MSH from the anterior pituitary stimulates the melanocytes and skin which
increase Melatonin production. Affects skin color.
-*Melatonin*
For the following hormones, know the organ from which it is secreted and the primary function:
- Erythropoietin
- Atrial Naturetic Peptide
- Gastrin and Cholecystokinin
- Leptin ✔✔- *Erythropoietin* (EPO) - is a hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the
formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The kidney cells that make erythropoietin are
sensitive to low oxygen levels in the blood that travels through the kidney.
- *Atrial Naturetic Peptide* (ANP) - is a peptide hormone which reduces an expanded
extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion. ANP is synthesized, and
secreted by cardiac muscle cells
- *Gastrin and Cholecystokinin* - are important hormonal regulators that are known to induce
gastric secretion, stimulate pancreatic secretion, increase blood circulation and water secretion in
the stomach and intestine, and stimulate smooth muscle contraction.
- *Leptin* - is produced by adipose tissue. It regulates energy intake and fat stores so that weight
is maintained within a relatively narrow range
Responses to Stress: Describe both the long term and short term stress responses. ✔✔When a
stress response is triggered, it sends signals to two other structures: the pituitary gland, and the
adrenal medulla.
These short term responses are produced by The Fight or Flight Response via the
Sympathomedullary Pathway (SAM).
Long term stress is regulated by the Hypothalamic Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) system.
describe the primary hormonal alteration (eg, hypersecretion of GH) and the effects of
homeostatic disruption, including effects on feedback mechanisms
- Dwarfism
- Gigantism ✔✔Dwarfism - caused by hyposecretion of GH. Too little GH produced while
growing, so you don't grow much.
Gigantism - caused by hypersecretion of GH. Too much GH production in childhood, so you
grow too much.
describe the primary hormonal alteration (eg, hypersecretion of GH) and the effects of
homeostatic disruption, including effects on feedback mechanisms
- Cushing's syndrome ✔✔A pituitary gland tumor (pituitary adenoma). A noncancerous (benign)
tumor of the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, secretes an excess amount of
ACTH, which in turn stimulates the adrenal glands to make more cortisol. When this form of the
syndrome develops, it's called Cushing disease.
Cushing's syndrome result of hypersecretion of ACTH.
describe the primary hormonal alteration (eg, hypersecretion of GH) and the effects of
homeostatic disruption, including effects on feedback mechanisms
- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ✔✔Type 1 DM results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough
insulin.
Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin
properly.
describe the primary hormonal alteration (eg, hypersecretion of GH) and the effects of
homeostatic disruption, including effects on feedback mechanisms
- Diabetes Insipidus ✔✔Antidiurectic hormone (ADH) -- stimulates water
reabsorption in kidney tubules. [Hypersecretion
has no know effects, and hyposecretion causes
frequent urination called diabetes insipidus].
describe the primary hormonal alteration (eg, hypersecretion of GH) and the effects of
homeostatic disruption, including effects on feedback mechanisms
- Goiter
- Graves' disease ✔✔Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 causes hyperthyroidism that results in a goiter
or in Graves' disease]
Describe the locations of and the anatomical relationships between the hypothalamus, anterior
pituitary and posterior pituitary glands. ✔✔
Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the release of anterior and posterior pituitary hormones.
✔✔The hypothalamus secretes/produces hormones that stimulate the anterior and posterior
glands to secrete their hormones
Ex. GnRH, a hormone produced and secreted by the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior
pituitary to secrete gonadotropins and GH, TRH stimulates TSH release, CRH stimulates ACTH
release
List and describe several types of stimuli that control production and secretion of hormones.
✔✔- Humoral stimuli - A humoral stimulus refers to the control of hormone release in response
to changes in extracellular fluids, such as the ion concentration in the blood.
- Neural stimuli - he nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones,
which is referred to as neural stimuli
- Hormonal stimuli - refers to the release of a hormone in response to another hormone.
What 3 zones make up the Adrenal cortex? ✔✔- zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids
- zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids
- zona reticularis: androgens
SALT, SUGAR, SEX, THE DEEPER YOU GO THE BETTER IT GETS.
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