Endocrine System Questions and Answers Graded A+

Endocrine System Questions and Answers Graded A+ What is the endocrine system? ✔✔System with several endocrine glands and organs that have hormone secreting cells (organs also have other functions beside producing hor ...

Endocrine System Questions and Answers Graded A+ What is the endocrine system? ✔✔System with several endocrine glands and organs that have hormone secreting cells (organs also have other functions beside producing hormones) What is the function of the endocrine system? ✔✔To control and regulate body functions. Hormones help maintain homeostasis on a daily basis and regulate the activity of smooth and cardiac muscles, and some glands. What are the two majors controllers in our body? ✔✔Endocrine and nervous system. Often work together What are the chemical messengers used by the nervous system? ✔✔Neurotransmitter released locally in response to nerve impulse What are the chemical messengers used by the endocrine system? ✔✔Hormones delivered to tissues throughout the body by blood What is the distance over which chemical act in the nervous system? ✔✔Very small, close to site release, at synapse the neurotransmitter binds to receptors in post synaptic membrane What is the distance over which chemical act in the endocrine system? ✔✔Usually far from site of release, hormone binds on receptors on or in target cells What type of system is the nervous system? ✔✔Wired system What type of system is the endocrine system? ✔✔Wireless system. Glands that produce hormones do not need to be connected What is the speed of response in the nervous system? ✔✔Very fast. Nerve impulse are very quick What is the speed of response in the endocrine system? ✔✔Slower. Hormones released need to travel in the blood What is the time to stop response in the nervous system? ✔✔Very fast. System produces an effect within fraction of a second What is the time to stop response in the endocrine system? ✔✔Slower. Once released hormones are going to be in effect for a while and their effect linger until they are cleared from blood What is the nervous system best at controlling? ✔✔Activities where speed is key such as muscle contraction What is the endocrine system best at controlling? ✔✔Activities where duration is key such as growth What are the components of the endocrine systems? ✔✔Several endocrine glands and many hormone secreting cells in organs Name 5 endocrine glands? ✔✔Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal gland Name 13 organs with partly endocrine functions? ✔✔Hypothalamus, thymus, heart, pancreas, kidney, liver, small intestin, skin, ovaries, testes, stomach, placenta and adipose tissues How many types of glands in the body ? Name ✔✔2 types, exocrine and endocrine. All derived from epithelial tissues (glandular epithelium) Features of the exocrine glands? ✔✔Ducted, secrete their products into duct. Products are released via ducts to body surface or cavity Name 5 glands? ✔✔Sebaceous gland (oil), sudoriferous gland (sweat), lacrimal gland (tear), salivary gland (saliva), pancreas gland Features of the endocrine glands? ✔✔No duct, ductless, secrete their products into interstitial fluid surrounding tissues cells, products, hormone s are released in the blood that carries them throughout the body Name 5 endocrine glands? ✔✔Pituitary gland (hypothalamus), thyroid gland (trachea), parathyroid gland (trachea), adrenal gland (kidney), pineal gland (hypothalamus) What are hormones? ✔✔Chemical messengers in the endocrine system How can hormones be classified? ✔✔By chemically different types What is the specificity of hormones action ✔✔Hormones are released in the blood and get everywhere to ensure everything is working properly. What determines if hormones gets to the cells? ✔✔Receptors. Typically outside of the cells but sometimes inside the cells. Hormones only affect target cells that have the proper receptors to bind a given hormone How many types of controls monitor hormone levels? Name ✔✔3 types. Feedback control, nervous system control, and external cues/rhythms Why does hormones level needs to be controlled? ✔✔Level of hormones in the blood needs to be controlled to control the effect on the target cells Most endocrine disorders are due to what? ✔✔Hypersecretion (too much, excessive release) or hyposecretion of hormones (too little, inadequate release). Ex: diabetes mellitus In others cases, the problem comes from what? ✔✔Receptors problem. Inadequate number Describe feedback control? ✔✔The level of hormones in the blood is fed back to gland that produces hormones and production is adjusted accordingly Describe negative feedback? ✔✔Hormones level is rising in the blood, and gland put less hormones in blood Describe positive feedback? ✔✔Hormones level is low in the blood, gland put more hormones in the blood Which feedback is most controlling hormones level? ✔✔Negative feedback Give 2 examples of positive feedback? ✔✔During childbirth, oxytocin is released, which cause more contraction and muscular tension until the baby is born. Other example: ovulation Describe the nervous system control? ✔✔Hypothalamus controls many functions. It is the major link between the nervous and the endocrine system Which system controls and influences the exocrine and endocrine glands, and the organs secreting hormones (cardiac & smooth muscles)? ✔✔The autonomic nervous system divided in 2 main subsystems, sympathetic and parasympathetic that tend to balance each other. Describe external cues and rhythms control? ✔✔Hormones level are controlled by the day and night cycles, specially true with animal for example during mating. Human experience seasonal sadness Location and anatomy of the pituitary gland? ✔✔Grape size gland inferior to the brain and connected to the hypothalamus via a stalk (infundibulum), rest in the fossa of the sphenoid bone Components of the pituitary gland? ✔✔consists of 2 separated lobes, the largest is the anterior pituitary gland and the smallest is the posterior pituitary gland Which lobe is connected to the hypothalamus via blood vessels? ✔✔the anterior pituitary gland What are the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland? ✔✔Growth hormone (GH, hGH), Prolactin (PRL) and Tropic Hormones Growth Hormone (GH) targets which cells or organs? What does it promote? ✔✔Cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, bones. Promotes healing and tissues repair Prolactin (PRL) targets which cells or organs? What does it promotes? ✔✔Mammary glands. Promotes lactation in females What disorder is caused by a hyper secretion of prolactin in males? ✔✔erectile dysfunction (impotence) What disorder is caused by hyper secretion of Growth hormones during childhood and adulthood? ✔✔giantism and acromegaly Tropic Hormones (TSH) target which cells or organs? What does it promotes? ✔✔Thyroid gland. Stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones What are the 2 hormones stored and released NOT PRODUCED by the posterior pituitary gland? ✔✔Oxytocin (OT) and Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) or vassopressin What is the source, site production of OT and ADH? ✔✔Hypothalamus Oxytocin (OT) targets which cells or organs? What does it promotes? ✔✔Uterus and Breast. Triggers uterine contraction and stimulates milk ejection Anti-Diuretic Hormones (ADH) targets which cells or organs? What does it promotes? ✔✔Kidneys. Stimulates water re-absorption, tells the kidneys to hang on to water Anatomy and location of the Thyroid gland? ✔✔Butterfly shaped gland just below the larynx inferior to the thyroid cartilage A disorder of an enlarged thyroid? ✔✔Goiter What are the 3 hormones produced by the thyroid gland? ✔✔Thyroxine (T3), Triiodothyronine (T4) and Calcitonin (CT) A disorder of hyper secretion of T3 and T4 Hormones? ✔✔Hyperthyroid, trouble to keep weight on T3 and T4 Hormones general functions? ✔✔Regulate basal metabolism, plays important role in the maintenance of body temperature What is the function of CT Hormone? ✔✔Decreases the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the action of the osteoclasts (cells that break down bone) Anatomy and location of the Parathyroid Glands? ✔✔Small round mass embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. What are the hormones produced by the parathyroid glands? ✔✔parathyroid Hormone (PTH) What is the function of PTH Hormone? ✔✔Increases the level of calcium in the blood by increasing the number of osteoclasts, cells that break down bone and release calcium. Also tells the kidney not to loose calcium What are the hormones produced by the skin? ✔✔Calcitriol, active form of vitamin D What is the function of calcitriol? ✔✔Helps absorb calcium from the digestive track to increase the rate of calcium Anatomy and location of the adrenal glands? ✔✔on top of each kidney. Each adrenal gland has regions that produce different hormones What are the two regions of the adrenal gland? ✔✔Adrenal Cortex (outer) and Adrenal Medulla (inner) What are the 3 hormones produced by the Adrenal Cortex? ✔✔Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens Which organ does Aldosterone affects and its function? ✔✔Kidney. Increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. Tells the kidneys to hang on sodium. Affects mineral homeostasis (mineral corticoid) Which organ does Cortisol affects and its function? ✔✔Muscle fibers, liver cells, adipose tissue. Increases blood glucose level under situation of stress, anti-inflammatory effect in short term (gluco corticoid) Which organ does Androgens affect and its function? ✔✔Promotes sex drive libido especially for women, stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair during puberty for boys and girls, and other effects on a variety of other tissues. A disorder of hyper secretion of androgens in women? ✔✔Virilization or facial hair What are the 2 hormones produced by the Adrenal Medulla? ✔✔Epinephrine, norepinephrine (NE) What is the function of Norepinephrine (NE)? ✔✔role in neurotransmitter's release Which organ does Epinephrine and Norepinephrine affect and its function? ✔✔Heart, lung. Increase heart rate, blood flow to the heart, lung, skeletal muscle. Help the body resist acute stress (flight or fight) Anatomy and location of the pancreas? ✔✔Comma shaped organ posterior to the stomach. Function of the pancreas? ✔✔Endocrine and exocrine functions. Majority is an exocrine gland with roles in digestion and a minority is the endocrine part consisting of small clusters, pancreatic islets, that secrete 2 hormones What are the 2 hormones secreted by the endocrine part of the pancreas, pancreatic islets? ✔✔Insulin, Glucagon What is the function of Insulin? ✔✔Lower glucose level when too high. Help glucose move into cells What is the function of Glucagon? ✔✔Increases glucose level when it falls below normal. Help the glucose to leave the cells A disorder of hypo secretion of no insulin? ✔✔Diabetes mellitus Type II and I Anatomy and location of the Pineal Gland? ✔✔small endocrine gland attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain What is the hormone produce by the pineal gland? ✔✔Melatonin What is the function of Melatonin? ✔✔Promotes sleepiness and regulates our biological clock. More melatonin is released in darkness and during sleep, less in strong sunlight. Anatomy and location of the Thymus Gland? ✔✔Posterior to the sternum sometimes listed as a gland sometimes as an organ What is the hormone produce by the Thymus gland? ✔✔Thymosin What is the function of Thymosin? ✔✔Promotes T-Cell maturation (white blood cells) that recognize and destroy microbes and foreign substances. Part of the immune system Anatomy and location of the Kidneys? ✔✔Pair of organs located in the back of the abdomen What is the function of the kidneys? ✔✔Filter the blood What is the hormone produced by the kidneys? ✔✔Erythropoietin (EPO) What is the function of EPO? ✔✔Increases red blood cell RBC production Anatomy of adipose tissue? ✔✔Loose connecting tissue = body fat What is the hormone produced by the adipose tissue? ✔✔Leptin What is the target and function of Leptin? ✔✔Brain (hypothalamus). Suppresses appetite Anatomy of the stomach? ✔✔Muscular organ located on the left side of the abdomen receiving food from the oesophagus What is the hormone produced by the stomach and the pancreas? ✔✔Ghrelin What is the target and function of Ghrelin? ✔✔Brain. Stimulates hunger