AP Environmental Science Exam Review Exam prep questions sections coverage, rated A

AP Environmental Science Exam Review Exam prep questions sections coverage, rated A Anthropocentric - ✔✔-regarding humans as most significant species; human-centered Tragedy of the Commons - ✔✔-the depletion of sha ...

AP Environmental Science Exam Review Exam prep questions sections coverage, rated A Anthropocentric - ✔✔-regarding humans as most significant species; human-centered Tragedy of the Commons - ✔✔-the depletion of shared resources by people acting in individual interest Triple Bottom Line - ✔✔-approach to sustainability that meets environmental, economic, and social goals (business) Inorganic Compounds - ✔✔-compounds that lack carbon and hydrogen atoms Organic Compounds - ✔✔-compounds that contain carbon-based molecules Positive Feedback Loop - ✔✔-when the response to a stimulus increases the original stimulus Negative Feedback Loop - ✔✔-when the response to a stimulus decreases the effect of the original stimulus Overshoot - ✔✔-when a population exceeds the long term carrying capacity for an environment Open System - ✔✔-a system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings Closed System - ✔✔-a system that allows the exchange of energy (not matter)between the system and its surroundings Holistic - ✔✔-emphasizing the functional relationship between parts and the whole Hectare - ✔✔-a unit of surface area equal to 100 ares Ecological Footprint - ✔✔-a way of measuring how much of an impact a person or community has on the earth Sustainable Development - ✔✔-development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations Environmental Justice - ✔✔-recognition that access to a clean, healthy environment is a fundamental right Biodiversity - ✔✔-the variety of species living within an ecosystem In situ - ✔✔-in the original or natural place or site Ex situ - ✔✔-off-site conservation; outside location Inbreeding Depression - ✔✔-the negative consequences in a population when genetically similar parents reproduce weak offspring Intrinsic Value - ✔✔-worth independent of any human benefit; inherent worth Invasive Species - ✔✔-species that enter new ecosystems and harm native species and their habitats Endangered Species Act - ✔✔-identifies/protects threatened and endangered species Lacey Act - ✔✔-prohibits interstate transport of wild animals without federal permit Species Diversity - ✔✔-the number and relative amount of species in a biological community Island Biogeography - ✔✔-the study of rates of colonization and extinction of species on islands (size, shape, and distance) Genetic Diversity - ✔✔-the amount of variation in the genetic material within all members of a population Biological Wealth - ✔✔-combination of commercial, scientific, and aesthetic values by a regions biota Ecotourism - ✔✔-a form of tourism that supports the conservation and sustainable development of ecological areas Instrumental Value - ✔✔-value based on its usefulness to humans Remediation - ✔✔-containment, treatment or removal of contaminated groundwater Nitrification - ✔✔-the process by which nitrites and nitrates are produced by bacteria in the soil Denitrification - ✔✔-conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas Ammonification - ✔✔-decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia Niche - ✔✔-the status of an organism within its environment and community Ecotone - ✔✔-the transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to another Autotroph - ✔✔-organism that makes its own food Heterotroph - ✔✔-an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition; cannot make food Interspecific Competition - ✔✔-competition between members of different species Intraspecific Competition - ✔✔-competition between members of the same species Net Primary Productivity - ✔✔-the rate at which biomass accumulates in an ecosystem Gross Primary Productivity - ✔✔-the rate at which energy is produced in an ecosystem Indicator Species - ✔✔-species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged Keystone Species - ✔✔-a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem Resource Partitioning - ✔✔-difference of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community Umbrella Species - ✔✔-a species that impacts the survival of many species Euphotic Zone - ✔✔-layer of water where sunlight is sufficient for photosynthesis to occur Thermal Stratification - ✔✔-vertical temperature layering Salinization - ✔✔-the buildup of salts in surface soil layers Oligotrophic - ✔✔-system in which productivity and nutrient content are low Eutrophication - ✔✔-process of a body of water becoming too rich in nutrients, leading to plant growth that depletes oxygen Trawler Fishing - ✔✔-dragging a net held open at the neck along the ocean bottom to get bottomdwelling fish Purse-seine Fishing - ✔✔-a large net is encircled around the targeted catch,then the bottom of the net is drawn tight like the strings of a purse Drift Net Fishing - ✔✔-catching fish in huge nets that drift in the water Long Line Fishing - ✔✔-fishing by dragging long lines with baited hooks Floodplain - ✔✔-a low plain adjacent to a river and subject to flooding Center-pivot Irrigation - ✔✔-a type of irrigation that waters crops using sprinkler systems on huge turning wheels Trickle Irrigation - ✔✔-a form of irrigation that saves water by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants Watershed - ✔✔-the area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place Evapotranspiration - ✔✔-the evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants Xeriscaping - ✔✔-a method of landscaping that uses plants that are well adapted to the local area and are drought resistant Growth Rate - ✔✔-rate of increase or decrease of a population Total Fertility Rate - ✔✔-measures the number of children born per woman Replacement Fertility Rate - ✔✔-the average number of children that couples in a population must have to replace themselves Zero Population Growth - ✔✔-when the birth rate equals the death rate Demographic Transition - ✔✔-the general pattern of demographic change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates Exponential Growth - ✔✔-occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate Biotic Potential - ✔✔-maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions Population Density - ✔✔-number of individuals per unit area Doubling Time - ✔✔-the time required for a population to double in size Demography - ✔✔-the scientific study of population characteristics Crude Birth Rate - ✔✔-the number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population Crude Death Rate - ✔✔-the number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population Population Explosion - ✔✔-the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century Graying - ✔✔-a term used to indicate that a large amount of a society's population is becoming elderly Generation Time - ✔✔-the period between the birth of one generation and the birth of the next generation Igneous Rock - ✔✔-a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface Sediment Rock - ✔✔-a type of rock formed from sediment is deposited in layers and compacted Metamorphic Rock - ✔✔-a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat/pressure/reactions Coreolis Effect - ✔✔-water moves clock wise in the northern hemisphere, counter clockwise in the southern Intrusive - ✔✔-rocks that form from magma below the su