Maths A Level Statistics Questions and
Answers Rated A+
population ✔✔the whole set of items that are of interest
census ✔✔observes or measures every member of a population
sample ✔✔selection of observations taken fro
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Maths A Level Statistics Questions and
Answers Rated A+
population ✔✔the whole set of items that are of interest
census ✔✔observes or measures every member of a population
sample ✔✔selection of observations taken from a subset of the population, which is used to find
out information about the population as a whole
census advantages ✔✔should give a completely accurate result
census disadvantages ✔✔-time consuming and expensive
-cannot be used when the testing process destroys the item
-hard to process large quantity of data
sample advantages ✔✔-less time consuming and expensive than a census
-fewer people have to respond
-less data to process than in a census
sample disadvantages ✔✔-the data may not be as accurate
-the sample may not be large enough to give information about small sub-groups of the
population
sampling units ✔✔individual units of a population
sampling frame ✔✔a list of individuals from whom the sample is drawn
simple random sample of size n ✔✔where every sample of size n has an equal chance of being
selected
simple random sampling method 1: ✔✔generating random numbers
simple random sampling method 2: ✔✔lottery sampling
in systematic sampling ✔✔the required elements are chosen at regular intervals from an ordered
list
in stratified sampling ✔✔the population is divided into mutually exclusive strata (e.g. males and
females) and a random sample is taken from each
number sampled in a stratum equation ✔✔number in stratum / number in population x overall
sample size
simple random sampling advantages ✔✔-free of bias
-easy + cheap to implement for small populations + samples
-each sampling unit has a known and equal chance of selection
simple random sampling disadvantages ✔✔-not suitable when population/sample size is larger
as it is time consuming, disruptive and expensive
-sampling frame needed
systematic sampling advantages ✔✔-simple and quick
-suitable for large samples/populations
systematic sampling disadvantages ✔✔-sampling frame needed
-can produce bias if not random
stratified sampling advantages ✔✔-sample accurately reflects population structure
-guarantees proportional representation of groups within population
stratified sampling disadvantages ✔✔-population must be clearly classified into distinct strata
-selection within stratum needs sampling frame, time consuming if large
quota sampling ✔✔interviewer or researched selects a sample that reflects characteristics of
whole population
opportunity sampling ✔✔taking sample from people who are available at time and fit criteria
quota sampling advantages ✔✔-allows small sample to still be representative
-no sampling frame required
-quick, easy, inexpensive
-easy comparison between different groups
quota sampling disadvantages ✔✔-can introduce bias
-population dividing can be costly or inaccurate
-non-responses are not recorded
-not representative
quantitative variables ✔✔variables or data associated with numerical observations
qualitative variables ✔✔variables or data associated with non-numerical observations
continuous variable ✔✔a variable that can take any value in a given range
discrete variable ✔✔a variable that can take only specific values in a given range
mode / modal class ✔✔class that occurs most often
median ✔✔middle value when the data values are put in order
mean ✔✔sum of x / n
variance ✔✔
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