AP World History First Semester, Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, rated A

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AP World History First Semester, Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, rated A+ Australopithecus - ✔✔-definition: genus of human ancestors that lived in Africa, now extinct significance: ear... liest human ancestor, provides insight into early human development Homo Erectus - ✔✔-definition: human ancestor that had upright skeletons, stronger builds than the Australopithecus, but smaller brains then H. Sapiens significance: larger brain allowed for more movement, along with more successful living Homo Sapeins - ✔✔-definition: current humans, larger brains allowed for more success than the H. Erectus significance: developed modern tools and systems that are still used today Paleolithic Age - ✔✔-definition: "old stone age," beginning of stone tools for convince, associated with foraging culture significance: tools made with stone allowed for easier life and displayed early human ingenuity. Hunting/Gathering Culture - ✔✔-definition: "foraging," groups follow game and plant in order to survive significance: early survival tactics used to survive along with other tools Cro-Magnon - ✔✔-definition: early modern humans (h. sapiens sapiens) found in the Old World significance: modern human, similar values to modern day humans Venus Figurines - ✔✔-definition: figures of women with enhanced sexual characteristics, thought to promote fertility significance: showed that early humans were capable of religion, deep thought, self-reflection Sympathetic Magic - ✔✔-definition: cave paintings left by Cro-Magnons significance: showed structured religion, belief system, similar significance to Venus Figurines Neolithic - ✔✔-definition: "new stone age" characterized by polished tools and the agricultural transition significance: led to agriculture and permanent settlement Agricultural Transition - ✔✔-definition: period of centuries in which humans transitioned from hunter/gathering culture to neolithic agriculture significance: led humans onto a different route, allowed more humans to survive Metallurgy - ✔✔-definition: metalworking, manipulation of metals into tools or jewelry significance: allowed more useful tools for agriculture and was a specialization made possible by the agricultural transition Venus Figurines - ✔✔-definition: figures of women with enhanced sexual characteristics, thought to promote fertility significance: showed that early humans were capable of religion, deep thought, self-reflection Gilgamesh - ✔✔-definition: a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories, reigned around 5700BCE significance: king of Uruk, led many changes in the reigon Sargon of Akkad - ✔✔-definition: a conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who conquered all of Mesopotamia to create the first empire significance: created the first empire and forced many city-states to subject Hammurabi - ✔✔-definition: Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia significance: Created the first code or laws for his land Nebuchadnezzar - ✔✔-definition: a Babylonian king who conquered Jerusalem and sent Jews into exile significance: cause of the "babylonian captivity," overtook several empires King David - ✔✔-definition: leaded and unified Israel significance: unified Israel, created an empire similar to Sargon King Solomon - ✔✔-definition: Son of King David, established Jerusalem significance: established Jerusalem, now a holy site for many religions Moses - ✔✔-definition: prophet who preached about Yahweh significance: led a cultural transformation, broke off from Mesopotamian ideas Epic of Gilgamesh - ✔✔-definition: collection of works glorifying Gilgamesh significance: showed how contemporaries thought of Gilgamesh, many thought of him as a god or godlike Mesopotamia - ✔✔-definition: site of the first empire, located between the Tigris and Euphrates significance: first civilization, location of the invention of many ideas and technologies used today Sumer - ✔✔-definition: southern Mesopotamia, also known as Sumeria significance: the invention of city-states was exemplified here Tigris - ✔✔-definition: a river in southwestern Asia; begins in eastern Turkey and joins the Euphrates river, border of the Mesopotamian society significance: provided water to Mesopotamia Euphrates - ✔✔-definition: a river that begins in Turkey, flows through Syria and Iraq, and empties into the Persian Gulf, border of the Mesopotamian society. significance: provided water to Mesopotamia Akkad - ✔✔-definition: northern Mesopotamian city state, where Sargon led his army to create the first empire significance: starting point of Mesopotamia Hammurabi's Code - ✔✔-definition: set of laws set forth my Hammurabi significance: first laws formally set forth Lex talionis - ✔✔-definition: law of retaliation "an eye for an eye" significance: created a punishment similar to today, "the punishment fits the crime" Assyrians - ✔✔-definition: a group of people to take over the Fertile Crescent significance: a violent group that took over much land New Babylonia - ✔✔-definition: new Babylonian empire after much turmoil significance: leaders in this periods were selectd beacause of their merit Bronze - ✔✔-definition: an alloy of copper and tin significance: led to stronger tools and weapons, a major advancement in metallurgy Iron - ✔✔-definition: an alloy made of iron and copper significance: led to cheaper and even stronger tools and weapons over bronze, another advancement in metallurgy Patriarchy - ✔✔-definition: a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line significance: led to males having many significant roles in the government and household Cuneiform - ✔✔-definition: an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia significance: a standardized writing system that lead to advances in technology, math, and science Hebrews - ✔✔-definition: one of the first groups of people to believe in one God significance: led a change in culture, broke away from Mesopotamian beliefs Palestine - ✔✔-definition: former name of the area that today includes Israel significance: is now a holy site, demonstrates the violent struggle for power in the era Israel - ✔✔-definition: northern part of the Palestine empire significance: result of turmoil in the region Judea - ✔✔-definition: southern part of the Palestine empire significance: result of turmoil in the reigon Ten Commandments - ✔✔-definition: list of rules made by Yehwah, presented by Moses significance: structured rule to life, similar to Hammurabi's Code Torah - ✔✔-definition: book of scriptures made by Jewish prophets significance: book of religion for the Jews Phoenicians - ✔✔-definition: sailing and trading people who had many colonies on the Mediterranean coast significance: best boating technology, went to far off distances to get materials Indo-Europeans - ✔✔-definition: group of languages that extends from southern Asia to the Iberian Peninsula significance: demonstrates movement patterns throughout history Hittites - ✔✔-definition: peoples from Anatolia (modern day Turkey) significance: Made advancements in technology and metallurgy India - ✔✔-definition: modern day country, land of the Aryans, Dravidians, and Harappan Society significance: center of trade, religious development, and technology Aryans - ✔✔-definition: Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes between 1500 and 1000 BC significance: influenced Indian beliefs and language greatly Dravidians - ✔✔-definition: a settled, well-organized people who built cities in India significance: formed cities and governments in India Harappan Society - ✔✔-definition: first Indian civilization significance: made technological inventions such as sewage Indus River - ✔✔-definition: river near pakistan that creates a fertile plain (Indus River Valley) significance: formed fertile areas for agriculture and encouraged growth Harappa - ✔✔-definition: large ancient city of the Indus civilization, created in present-day Pakistan Mohenjo-Daro - ✔✔-definition: early Indian settlement, laid out in a grid pattern with irrigation and sewage significance: structured layout and modernly-used inventions Sanskrit - ✔✔-definition: sacred language by the Vedas in India, mainly for religion significance: shows distinctions made with every day life and religion Prakrit - ✔✔-definition: ordinary language used in India, but still formal enough for writing significance: shows distinctions made with every day life and religion Vedas - ✔✔-definition: Sanskrit writings, earliest known of Hinduism significance: showed self-thought and philosophical ideas Rig Veda - ✔✔-definition: first Vedas scripture, deals with spirituality, science, etc significance: laid out the principles for thought and development in India Raja - ✔✔-definition: title given to an Indian prince or king significance: demonstrates a government Punjab - ✔✔-definition: area between Indus and Ganges river significance: where the Aryan's first conquered Ganges River - ✔✔-definition: important river in India, supplied water significance: allowed for development of agriculture and cities in India Caste - ✔✔-definition: Hindu social rank based on wealth and profession significance: social distinctions made by settling down due to agriculture Varna - ✔✔-definition: class of which a person was placed into according to Hindu law at birth significance: social distinctions made possible by settling down and religion Brahmans - ✔✔-definition: first level of Varna, priest class of Indian society significance: social distinctions made possible by settling down and religion Kshatriyas - ✔✔-definition: second level of Varna, warrior class of Indian society significance: social distinctions made possible by settling down and religion Vaishyas - ✔✔-definition: third level of Varna, merchant class of Indian society significance: social distinctions made possible by settling down and religion Shudras - ✔✔-definition: fourth level of Varna, servant class of Indian society significance: social distinctions made possible by settling down and religion Jati - ✔✔-definition: sub Varna, groups for economic development significance: social distinctions made possible by settling down and religion Patriarchy - ✔✔-definition: a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line significance: led to males having many significant roles in the government and household Lawbook of Manu - ✔✔-definition: guidelines formed based on Hindu beliefs significance: set of laws to bring order, first ones to be based on religion Sati - ✔✔-definition: ritual requiring women to commit suicide at their husband's funeral significance: showed belief in afterlife Varuna - ✔✔-definition: god thought to view people from the heavens, also god of the sky and creation significance: mixing of the Aryan and Indian cultures Soma - ✔✔-definition: the body, according to tradition significance: demonstrates religion and self-thought about origins Upanishads - ✔✔-definition: group of peoples that contributed to older Vedas significance: theological advancement Brahman - ✔✔-definition: the Universal spirit of which we are all made significance: demonstrates thought and questions in after-life and creation Samsara - ✔✔-definition: idea of reincarnation back into suffering significance: demonstrates thought and questions in after-life and creation Karma - ✔✔-definition: idea that a person's actions determined their incarnation significance: demonstrates thought and questions in after-life and creation Moksha - ✔✔-definition: idea that a person can break Samsara to join Brahman significance: demonstrates thought and questions in after-life and creation Land Bridges - ✔✔-definition: exposed land masses that appeared when most of the world was covered in ice, used as passages to new lands significance: allowed migration to other areas of the world Olmecs - ✔✔-definition: earliest known Mexican civilization, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples significance: first civilization of the area, influenced other civilizations in the region Maya - ✔✔-definition: civilization in Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula, about A.D. 250 to 900 significance: advanced society that led to many technological inventions Tikal - ✔✔-definition: largest ancient Mayan city in Guatemala significance: demonstrates abilities of Mayan engineering Chichén Itzá - ✔✔-definition: Mayan kingdom that attempted to bring political stability to the region by forcing other city states to subject to its power and rule significance: attempt to create a unified empire, like Sargon Popol Vuh - ✔✔-definition: Mayan creation epic, taught that god created humans out of maize and water significance: explanation for most of their sacrificial and gory rituals Ball game - ✔✔-definition: team sport in Mesoamerica, losers were sacrificed to the gods significance: demonstrated the need for sacrifices in Mayan society Teotihuacan - ✔✔-definition: a powerful city-state in central Mexico, with over 150000 inhabitants at its peak significance: powerful city with much attraction, may have led to Mayan downfall Chavín - ✔✔-definition: a culture that thrived in the Andean region from about 900 B.C. to 200 B.C. significance: first culture in the Andes Mochica - ✔✔-definition: Andean society with much technology but no writing, known for their detailed works of art significance: a major culture in the Andes that influenced the Incas. Austronesians - ✔✔-definition: people who began to explore and settle islands of the Pacific Ocean basin significance: led to the transfer of technologies from the mainland to smaller islands (like agriculture, etc) Lapita - ✔✔-definition: Austronesian population that emerged from Taiwan significance: demonstrated migration patterns Sima Qian - ✔✔-definition: Chinese astronomer, scholar, historian, wrote historical records for China significance: wrote some of the most important historical records of early China Confucius - ✔✔-definition: political and ethical philosopher from China significance: very influential philosopher, his ideas and sayings are still used today Mencius - ✔✔-definition: Confucius's greatest disciple, wrote Analects significance: recorded Confucius's ideas Xunzi - ✔✔-definition: Confucian follower, suggested humans are lazy and required a totalitarian government to make them good significance: advocate of Leagalism, mesh of leaglism and confucianism Laozi - ✔✔-definition: wrote the philosophical ideas of Taosim, advocated humility and piety significance: An important idea that influence China Shang Yang - ✔✔-definition: founder of legalism, idea that proposed government and expanding borders over everything else significance: An important idea that influence China Han Feizi - ✔✔-definition: advocate of strict legalism significance: An important idea that influence China Qin Shi Huang - ✔✔-definition: unified China, major engineering projects such as canals and roads, standardized measurements and money significance: unified China Liu Bang - ✔✔-definition: Overthrew Qin dynasty, first emperor of Han dynasty significance: founder of a new dynasty Han Wudi - ✔✔-definition: most prominent and important Han dynasty empire, created public school system significance: public school idea still used today Wang Mang - ✔✔-definition: Confucian scholar, overthrew Liu family to create Xin Dynasty, tried to help the poor and implement land reforms significance: called a "socialist" emperor, one of the first "socialist" leaders Confucianism - ✔✔-definition: the teachings of Confucius, emphasized kindness and love significance: collection of teachings of Confucius, still used today, impact throughout history Ren - ✔✔-definition: Confucian virtue of benevolence, stating that a person will make the correct choice regardless of outcome significance: collection of teachings of Confucius, still used today, impact throughout history Li - ✔✔-definition: Confucian virtue of reverence significance: collection of teachings of Confucius, still used today, impact throughout history Xiao - ✔✔-definition: Confucian idea that one should respect parents and ancestors above all others significance: idea used in modern religions in Asia Daoism - ✔✔-definition: philosophy based from works from Laozi, that one should be pious and humble significance: demonstrates ideas made years ago are still used today Wu Wei - ✔✔-definition: idea that we should know what to do and when significance: demonstrates ideas made years ago are still used today Legalism - ✔✔-definition: idea that proposed government and expanding borders over everything else significance: idea led to Chinese development and influence Qin Dynasty - ✔✔-definition: first Dynasty, built Great Wall, unified China, established standards, constructed canals and roads significance: first Chinese empire Han Dynasty - ✔✔-definition: Dynasty that increased its power and borders, second to the Qin Dynasty significance: brought more land and power to China Xiongnu - ✔✔-definition: confederation of nomadic tribes in Central Asia significance: threatened China, in response China created the Great Wall of China Sericulture - ✔✔-definition: production of raw silk by raising silkworms significance: form of domestication Yellow Turban Uprising - ✔✔-definition: revolt in China over land management disputes in secondcentury CE significance: led to the downfall of the Xin Dynasty Chandragupta Maurya - ✔✔-definition: founded India's first empire, was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India significance: founder of India's first empire Kautalya - ✔✔-definition: Advisor of Chandragupta who wrote ancient political handbook known as the Arthashastra, a manual offering detailed instructions on the uses of power and the principles of government significance: wrote ancient political handbooks, aided future governing empires Ashoka - ✔✔-definition: grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire significance: spread Buddhism, an influential religion Kanishka - ✔✔-definition: one of the greatest leaders of the Kushan Empire in India significance: creation of arts and philosophy made possible by Kanishka Chandra Gupta - ✔✔-definition: the founder and ruler of the Gupta Empire significance: led to the golden age of India Vardhamana Mahavira - ✔✔-definition: Indian ascetic philosopher and the principal founder of Jainism significance: created Jainism, an influence for Buddhism and Hinduism Siddhartha Gautama - ✔✔-definition: founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha significance: created Buddhism, an influence for Hinduism and India culture Kingdom of Magadha - ✔✔-definition: located in the central portion of the Ganges plain, most important state in northeastern India during the Mauryan dynasty significance: led to the Gupta dynasty Maurya Empire - ✔✔-definition: Indian empire founded by Chandragupta, beginning with his kingdom in northeastern India and spreading to most of northern and central India significance: unified the Indian subcontinent Bactria - ✔✔-definition: in Northwestern India, and ruled by Greek-speaking descendants of Alexander's campaigns, modern day Afghanistan significance: influenced Indian culture and development Kushan Empire - ✔✔-definition: located in Northern India/Central Asia, maintained Silk Road significance: one of the first emerging territories from Bactria Gupta Dynasty - ✔✔-definition: ruling family in India during its golden age, responsible for many achievements in math and science significance: made many achievements in science and math, golden age of India White Huns - ✔✔-definition: nomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration significance: led to the downfall of the Gupta administration Caste - ✔✔-definition: a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth significance: pivotal point in the development of Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism Jainism - ✔✔-definition: a religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul, some were extreme aesthetics significance: a religion that influenced both Buddhism and later Hinduism Buddhism - ✔✔-definition: a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire significance: one of the foundations for Hinduism, an influential religion that still exists today Nalanda - ✔✔-definition: a famous Buddhist university and monastary located in the eastern Ganges Valley significance: helped in the spread of Buddhism through Asia, one of the first formalized instruction centers Hinduism - ✔✔-definition: a religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms significance: influential and popular religion of classical India Homer - ✔✔-definition: ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written down the Iliad and the Odyssey significance: Great Greek poet who is still read today Solon - ✔✔-definition: Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt significance: great leader of Athens, prevented rebellion Perciles - ✔✔-definition: led rebuilding of Athens for more than 30 years from 461BCE to 429BCE significance: Leader of the Peloponessian war Philip of Macedon - ✔✔-definition: father of Alexander of Macedon, unified the warring Greek citystates significance: unified Greece Alexander of Macedon - ✔✔-definition: also known as Alexander the Great, by 331 BCE, controlled Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia; invaded Persian homeland and burned Persepolis; crossed the Indus by 327 significance: Created Bactria which influenced India, helped diffuse Greek ideas Sappho - ✔✔-definition: Greek poet who wrote about human emotions, lived on island of Lesbos significance: Classic example on the male dominance in Greece Socrates - ✔✔-definition: philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method significance: influence to Plato, and as a result, Aristotle Plato - ✔✔-definition: considered the greatest philosopher, student of Socrates, known for his Ideas theory significance: influence to Aristotle Artistotle - ✔✔-definition: prominent Greek philosopher, noted for his philosophically based thoughts of "science" significance: his ideas were used in the Catholic Church for years by Thomas Aquinas Euripides - ✔✔-definition: writer of several tragedies involving war and its misery significance: greek playwright Aristophanes - ✔✔-definition: an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies significance: greek playwright Minoan society - ✔✔-definition: society that inhabited Crete, created an undeciphered script, fell to invaders around 1100 BCE significance: beginnings of Greece, its fall led to poleis Knossos - ✔✔-definition: prominent ancient town on Crete where Bronze Age culture flourished from about 2000 BC to 1400 BCE significance: "capital" of Minoan societ [Show More]

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