MTTC Integrated Science Exam Question with accurate answers, 100% Accurate, graded A+

MTTC Integrated Science Exam Question with accurate answers, 100% Accurate, graded A+ Independent Variable - ✔✔-The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. Placed on the ...

MTTC Integrated Science Exam Question with accurate answers, 100% Accurate, graded A+ Independent Variable - ✔✔-The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. Placed on the x-axis (horizontal) on a graph. Dependent Variable - ✔✔-The variable that is measured in an experiment. Placed on the y-axis (vertical) on a graph. Scientific theory - ✔✔-Must be repeatable. Possible to be disproved and capable of change. Sampling and Sample Size - ✔✔-Random sampling is the preferred, but isn't always possible. A large sample will yield the most accurate information. Manipulating Variables - ✔✔-Only one variable should be manipulated at a time. Control variable - ✔✔-A factor that is held constant to test the relative impact of an independent variable Response to Lab Accident - ✔✔-In most cases, 911 should be called immediately. Response to Fire in a Beaker or Flask - ✔✔-Do not use a fire extinguisher. Just place a watch glass or wet towel over it to cut off Oxygen supply. Guidelines for Dissections - ✔✔-Specimens should be rinsed before using. Latex glover preferred. Avoid use of formaldehyde/dispose of correctly. Need to provide alternative for students with moral objections to assingment. Storing Lab Chemicals - ✔✔-Store all in secured, dry area. Acids locked in separate area. Origin of Biological Sciences - ✔✔-Traced back to ancient Greeks (i.e. Aristotle) Andrea Vesalius - ✔✔-Dissected human bodies; created a book on anatomy Anton van Leeuwenhoek - ✔✔-Father of Microscopy, first to see and describe bacteria, yeast plants, and microscopic life found in water Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - ✔✔-Instead of a light, a beam of electrons pass through specimen. Resolution about 1,000 times greater than light microscope. Will kill specimen though. Robert Hooke - ✔✔-Famous for Hook's law describing elasticity. But called a "virtuoso", able to contribute findings to any major field in science Carl Von Linnaeus - ✔✔-Famous for binomial system of nomenclature. Each living organism has two names, a genus and species. Considered father of modern ecology and taxonomy Pasteur - ✔✔-Discovered role of microorganisms in the cause of disease, pasteurization, and rabies vaccine. Koch's Postulates - ✔✔-Specific diseases caused by specific pathogens Cell theory - ✔✔-Cell is the common structural unit in plants and animals. Proposed by Mattias Scheleiden and Schwann. Watson and Crick - ✔✔-Discovered the structure of DNA was a double helix (in the 1950s). Made it possible to understand how DNA replicated and synthesized proteins Commonalities Among all Sciences - ✔✔-- Systems, order, and organization - Evidence, models, and explanation - Constancy, change, and measurement - Evolution and equilibrium - Form and function Empirical Evidence - ✔✔-All evidence is empirical; all evidence must be observed by the five sense. Peer-reviewed Journals - ✔✔-Most accepted source for information on scientific experiments and studies Air Pollution - ✔✔-Chemicals in the air; include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) Water Pollution - ✔✔-Contaminants enter water by ground runoff or by leaching Thermal pollution - ✔✔-Factories dump water at high temperatures which increases normal water temperatures. This means the water can hold less gas, disrupting the ecosystem Greenhouse gasses - ✔✔-I.e. carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Concentration of them is increased by burning fossil fuels. These gasses absorb and trap heat, therefore warming the planet Acid ran - ✔✔-Sulfur and nitrous oxides converted to acids and contaminate water supplies Prokaryotes - ✔✔-Single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus Flagella - ✔✔-Appendages on bacteria cells; used for movement Pili - ✔✔-Used by bacteria cells to attach to other cells Cell Wall - ✔✔-a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell Cell membrane - ✔✔-a phospholipid layer that covers a cell's surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell's environment Eukaryotes - ✔✔-organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles Nucleus - ✔✔-a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction Nucleolus - ✔✔-The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus Ribosomes - ✔✔-site of protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔-an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed Golgi apparatus - ✔✔-stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum Lysosomes - ✔✔-An organelle containing digestive enzymes; found mostly in animal cells Mitochondria - ✔✔-Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production Plastids - ✔✔-Include chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts); only found in photosynthetic organisms Vacuoles - ✔✔-saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Cytoskeleton - ✔✔-network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement; made up of microtubles, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments Archaea - ✔✔-Single-celled, no nucleus, Live in harsh condisions, oldest organisms on earth Animal vs Plant Cells - ✔✔-Animal cells have centrioles (plant cells dont). Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts (animal cells dont) Protists - ✔✔-Single celled eukaryotes; include amoeba, paramecium, and euglena Bacteria - ✔✔-Simplest microorganisms; have a cell wall, but no nucleus, most don't have chlorophyll, so they don't make their own food Characteristics of Living Things - ✔✔-1. Made of cells, grow, capable of reproduction, and respond to stimuli 2. Adapt to environmental stimuli or perish 3. Carry on metabolic processes. They use and make energy. Mitosis - ✔✔-1. Division of somatic cells 2. Two cells result from each division 3. Chromosome # is identical to parent cells 4. For cell growth and repair Meiosis - ✔✔-1. Division of sex cells 2. Four cells result from each division 3. Chromosome # is half the # of parent cells 4. Recombinations provide genetic diversity Gamete - ✔✔-Sex cell Chromatin - ✔✔-Loose chromosomes (present when cell isn't dividing) Chromosome - ✔✔-tightly coiled chromatin (found when the cell is dividing) Homologues - ✔✔-Chromosomes that contain the same information. Contain the same genes Diploid - ✔✔-Pair of chromosomes (somatic cells) Haploid - ✔✔-Half of a pair of chromosomes (sex cells) Steps of Mitosis - ✔✔-IPMAT 1. Interphase - chromatin is loose, chromosomes are replicated; technicallly not a step of mitosis 2. Prophase - chromatin condenses, mitotic spindle forms 3. Metaphase - Chromosomes line-up in the cell center 4. Anaphase - Centromeres split in half; homologous chromosomes separate 5. Telophase - two nuclei form with a full set of DNA; identical to parent cell. Cell is pinched in two (cytokinesis) Steps of Meiosis - ✔✔-Same 5 steps as Mitosis, but is repeated to reduce the chromosome number by one half. One viable egg gets all of the genetic info and the three others are polar bodies (have no DNA) Xylem - ✔✔-transports water Phloem - ✔✔-transports food Cortex - ✔✔-stores food and water Epidermis - ✔✔-protects plant Endodermis - ✔✔-Controls movement in and out of plant Pith - ✔✔-storage in stem Sclerenchyma and collenchyma - ✔✔-support in stem Stomata - ✔✔-Openings in leaf underside. Let CO2 in and H2O out (transpiration) Guard Cells - ✔✔-Control size of stomata Palisade mesophyll - ✔✔-contain chloroplasts in leaves; site of photosynthesis Spongy mesophll - ✔✔-Open spaces in leaf; allows for gas circulation Seed coat - ✔✔-protective covering on seed Cotyldeon - ✔✔-small seed leaf; emerges when seed germinates Endosperm - ✔✔-food supply in the seed Apical meristem - ✔✔-area of cell division Pedicel - ✔✔-supports weight of the flower Receptacle - ✔✔-holds floral organs at flowers base Sepals - ✔✔-Cover the flower prior to blooming Petals - ✔✔-Attract insects to assist in pollination Anther - ✔✔-Male part that produces pollen Filament - ✔✔-Supports the anther Style - ✔✔-Tube that leads to the ovary (female) Stigma - ✔✔-Female part that holds pollen that came from the male part Ovary - ✔✔-contains the ovules Photosynthesis - ✔✔-Plants make carbohydrates from the energy of the sun, carbon dioxide, and water. Oxygen in a waste product. Occurs in the chloroplast Light reactions - ✔✔-reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH Dark reactions - ✔✔-Reactions of photosynthesis that do not require light but use energy produced and stored during light reactions to make glucose Respiration - ✔✔-Glucose, with the help of oxygen, breaks down and produces carbon dioxide and water as wast