NCAC II Exam Preview of examinable sections. 100% Coverage. Rated A

NCAC II Exam Preview of examinable sections. 100% Coverage. Rated A Family Structure - ✔✔-Alcoholic marries an enabler, the first child is the Hero... they are usually perfect "see we are good" The second child is t ...

NCAC II Exam Preview of examinable sections. 100% Coverage. Rated A Family Structure - ✔✔-Alcoholic marries an enabler, the first child is the Hero... they are usually perfect "see we are good" The second child is the scapegoat and can do no right. Then is the lost child. If they have another that child is the mascot. Lost Child - ✔✔-Most likely to commit suicide Epinephrine/NE - ✔✔-*Body's natural stimulant *responsible for anxiety and fear, anger, hostility & violence *Instinctual fight or flight *predominant neurotransmitter in brain *affected by cocaine and amphetamines Serotonin - ✔✔-*responsible for calmness and sleep, appetite, some memories *responsible for some types of depression *offsets the effects of E/NE *affected by cocaine and amphetimines GABA - ✔✔-*Natural anti-anxiety, anti-convulsant. *Helps cope with stressful situations *affected by etoh, benzo, barbs Endorphins - ✔✔-*body's natural pain killer *brain does not distinguish between physical, emotional & spiritual pain. In all instances endorphins are released *More pain receptor sites than pleasure receptor sites. * We remember painful events more vividly our our brains are designed to avoid these situations. *Increase in endorphins vis exercise, laughter, meditations, sleep, food, healthy relationships/sex & music *Affected by opiates, soma & etoh Dynorphin - ✔✔-Form of endorphin that is released at childbirth. 700x stronger than morphine. Helps offset fatigue, forget the intensity of the pain, bonds mother and child. Acetylcholine - ✔✔-*Memory, Movement, Motivation, New Learning (learning in general) *Depletion results in alzheimers symptoms *Affected by THC Anandamide - ✔✔-Similar to aceylcholine. *Memory, New Learning specific, calmness, controlling movement *Affected by THC Glutamate - ✔✔-*Memory *Duck tape of the brain... regenerates and mimics other neurotransmitters to fill the gaps for the ones that have been damaged *Anti Convulsant Dopamine - ✔✔-*Pleasure (located in the pleasure pathway) *every drug mimics or releases dopamine *cocaine and other stimulates actually block the re-uptake of dopamine so that it increases the dopamine response *etoh & opiates enhance dopamine release that would otherwise block/inhibit dopamine secreting neurons. *Schizophrenia is noted to be too much dopamine in the brain *too few dopamines mimic parkinsons *Affected by all drugs but mostly meth. Methamphetimine high - ✔✔-most resembles schizophrenia Meth withdrawal - ✔✔-mimics parkinsons Meth results in the release of so much dopamine - ✔✔-that it can take YEARS for the person to learn to feel pleasure again. PIP (phenylimide Indoleamine Pyrimidine) - ✔✔-*responsible for feeling of true care/love *affects various parts of the brain at one time *decreases after about 3 years bc the brain cannot sustain the same level of intensity. The passion sorta burns out. *PIP changes to endorphins after decades in a relationship Adverse Effects of substances are usually seen - ✔✔-in those with ADHD or Bipolar w Korsacoff Wenicke Syndrome - ✔✔-After prolonged alcohol abuse, the person is unable to walk steadily (like walking in sand), eyes twitch back and forth State Dependent Learning - ✔✔-Learn when high on THC, does not remember when sober, does remember when under the influence of THC later. Pharmacology - ✔✔-Branch of science that examines how psychoactive substances taken to alter bodily functions or enhance bodily functions interact with the brain and body Psychoactive Substance - ✔✔-any drug that affects the CNS and alters consciousness and or perceptions physiological effects - ✔✔-physical signs psychological effects - ✔✔-alterations in perception or judgment caused by substance. chemical interaction - ✔✔-physiological and psychological effects of 2 or more substances administered at the same time withdrawal - ✔✔-signs and symptoms that occur when an indiv that is physically dependent on a substance discontinues its use. treatment applications - ✔✔-method of detox, stabilization & maintenance tolerance - ✔✔-after repeated admin. a given dose of a substance produces a decreased effect or conversely with increased/larger doses must be administered to get the effect observed with the original dose dependence - ✔✔-known as addictions, a behavioral pattern of compulsive substance use characterized by consistent involvement with the use of a substance, securing of its supply and a high tendency to relapse after withdrawal. detoxification - ✔✔-eliminating the substance from your body *The first step in sobriety and treatment Levels of Psychoactive Substance Use - ✔✔-Recreational- Circumstantial-Intensified Use- cCompulsive Use cross tolerance - ✔✔-the ability of pharmacologically similar substances to substitute for one another in relation to tolerance and prevention of withdrawal (ie using hydrocodone when heroin isn't available) Schedule I - ✔✔-No medical Use, cannot be dispensed by a prescriber. Severe dependence, high potential for abuse Schedule II - ✔✔-Severe dependence, high potential for abuse. Some accepted medical use, but with severe restrictions Schedule III - ✔✔-Moderate or low physical dependence OR high psychological dependence. Moderate potential for abuse Has accepted medical uses and can be dispensed by authorized prescriber Schedule IV - ✔✔-Limited physical or psychological dependence. Low abuse potential. accepted medical use. Schedule V - ✔✔-limited dependence, very low potential for abuse, medcial use Methods of Administration - ✔✔-*orally (inhale or ingested) *nasally (longest acting) *IM *IV (most instense) *subcutaneously *topically *sublingually *rectally Blood Brain Barrier - ✔✔-series of cells that prevent certain chemicals from reaching the brain metabolites - ✔✔-by-product of the liver breaking substances down that can be eliminated metabolism - ✔✔-body getting rid of the substance. elimination CNS - ✔✔-brain and spinal cord PNS - ✔✔-all neurons outside the CNS CNS is made of - ✔✔-Reticular Activating System: Awake/Asleep Limbic System: feelings Basal Ganglia: fine motor skills Limbic System is made of - ✔✔-Cerebral Cortex: voluntary motor skills, sensory input Hypothalamus: Liaison between CNS & PNS PNS is - ✔✔-the Autonomic Nervous System (unconscious bodily functions) which is sympathetic nervous system *increases breathing, etc) and parasympathetic (decreases) Neurotransmitters are either - ✔✔-inhibitory or excitatory Agonist - ✔✔-psychoactive substance binds to neurons and elicits a reaction as if it were a neurotransmittor Antagonist - ✔✔-substance binds and prevents other neurotransmitters form binding to that neuron CNS depressants - ✔✔-Alcohol, barbituates, benzos Short term effects of depressants - ✔✔-impaired coordination, slurred speech, staggered gait, drowsiness, muscle relaxation, slowing of breath, slowing of HR, dizziness, sedation, loss of memory, euphoria, impaired judgement, decreased inhibition, decreased fear, confusion, irritability, paranoia, Pathological Intoxication - ✔✔-Unusual reaction to depressants. The person becomes agitated and belligerent after only small doses habituation - ✔✔-repetition of behaviors until hey are a habit. Legal limit of alcohol in 21+ in most states - ✔✔-.08 Toxic alcohol levels - ✔✔-.4 Cirrhosis - ✔✔-swollen, scarred or dead liver tissue Stages of alcohol dependence - ✔✔-Early: escaping from social situations, sneaking to drink, feelings of guilt, difficulty stopping & preoccupation Middle: Loss of control, impaired social relationships, changes in drinking patterns, temp sobriety, morning drinking, neglect of health needs. Late: drink in order to function, binges, wi